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Martha Gellhorn
Martha Ellis Gellhorn〔("Martha Ellis Gellhorn" ), ''Encyclopædia Britannica''〕 (November 8, 1908 – February 15, 1998) was an American novelist, travel writer, and journalist, who is now considered one of the greatest war correspondents of the 20th century.〔("Martha Gellhorn: War Reporter, D-Day Stowaway" ), American Forces Press Service. Retrieved 2 June 2011〕〔("Iraqi journalist wins Martha Gellhorn prize" ), ''The Guardian'', 11 April 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2011〕 She reported on virtually every major world conflict that took place during her 60-year career. Gellhorn was also the third wife of American novelist Ernest Hemingway, from 1940 to 1945. At the age of 89, ill and almost completely blind, she died in 1998 of an apparent suicide.〔Moorehead, Caroline – ''Martha Gellhorn: A Life'', Chatto & Windus, London, 2003. ISBN 0-7011-6951-6 (re-published as ''Gellhorn: A 20th-Century Life'', Henry Holt & Co., New York (2003) ISBN 0-8050-6553-9).〕 The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism is named after her.
==Early life==
Gellhorn was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Edna Fischel Gellhorn, a suffragist, and George Gellhorn, a German-born gynecologist.〔(Review ) by ''Kirkus'' (UK) of Caroline Muirhead: ''Martha Gellhorn'' (2003)〕 Her father and maternal grandfather were of Jewish origin, and her maternal grandmother came from a Protestant family.〔 Her brother, Walter Gellhorn, became a noted law professor at Columbia University. Her younger brother, Alfred Gellhorn, was an oncologist, and former dean of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, when he died at age 94 in 2008.
Gellhorn graduated in 1926 from John Burroughs School in St. Louis, and enrolled in Bryn Mawr College in Philadelphia. In 1927, she left before graduating to pursue a career as a journalist. Her first published articles appeared in ''The New Republic''. In 1930, determined to become a foreign correspondent, she went to France for two years, where she worked at the United Press bureau in Paris. While in Europe, she became active in the pacifist movement, writing about her experiences in her book ''What Mad Pursuit'' (1934).
After returning to the United States, Gellhorn was hired by Harry Hopkins, who she had met through her friendship with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt,〔Kert, Bernice – ''The Hemingway Women: Those Who Loved Him – the Wives and Others'', W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1983.〕 as a field investigator for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), created by Franklin D. Roosevelt to aid in the war on the Great Depression. Gellhorn traveled around the United States for FERA to report on the impact of the Depression on the country. She first went to Gastonia, North Carolina, where she used her observation and communication skills to report on how the people of that town were affected by the Depression. Later, she worked with Dorothea Lange, a photographer, to document the everyday lives of the hungry and homeless. Their reports later became part of the official government files for the Great Depression. They were able to investigate topics that were not usually open to women of the 1930s, which made Gellhorn, as well as Lange, major contributors to American history.〔Gourley, Catherine (2007). ''War, Women and the News: How Female Journalists Won the Battle to Cover World War II''. New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers.〕 Her findings were the basis of a collection of short stories, ''The Trouble I've Seen'' (1936).〔
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