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In Islam, a mahr (in (アラビア語:مهر); (ペルシア語:مهريه); (トルコ語:Mehir) also transliterated ''mehr'', ''meher'', or ''mahriyeh'') is a mandatory payment, in the form of money or possessions paid or promised to pay by the groom, or by groom's father, to the bride at the time of marriage, that legally becomes her property.〔 (Enforcing Mahr in the Canadian Courts ) Fareen Jamal, Volume 24, No. 3, June 2012〕 While the ''mahr'' is often money, it can also be anything agreed upon by the bride such as jewelry, home goods, furniture, a dwelling or some land. Mahr is typically specified in the marriage contract signed during an Islamic marriage. "Dower" is the English translation that comes closest to Islamic meaning of mahr, as "dower" refers to the payment from the husband or his family to the wife, especially to support her in the event of his death. However, mahr is distinct from dower in two ways: 1) mahr is legally required for all Islamic marriages while dower was optional, and 2) mahr is required to be specified at the time of marriage (when a certain amount is promised, if not paid immediately), while dower is not paid until the death of the husband. Mahr also can be classified as a form of "bridewealth", described by anthropologists as payments made from the kin of the groom to the kin of the bride; however, mahr is paid directly to the bride and not her parents.〔Goody, Jack & Stanley Tambiah. 1973. ''Bridewealth and Dowry'. Cambridge University Press, p. 1-4. 'https://books.google.com/books?id=pkU4AAAAIAAJ&vq=mahr&source=gbs_navlinks_s〕 In fact, as her legal property, mahr establishes the bride's financial independence from her parents and in many cases from her husband, who has no legal claims to his wife's mahr. The terms "dowry" and "bride price" are sometimes incorrectly used to translate ''mahr'', but mahr differs from dowries in many other cultures. A dowry traditionally refers to money or possessions a woman brings forth to the marriage, usually provided by her parents or family; bride price to money or property paid by the groom or his family to the parents of a woman (but not to the woman herself) upon the marriage. In the event the marriage contract does not contain an exact, specified mahr, the husband must still pay the wife an equitable sum.〔DAVID PEARL & WERNER MENSKI, MUSLIM FAMILY LAW ¶ 7-10, at 178-81 (3d ed. 1998)〕 The requirement of a mahr is mentioned several times in the Quran and Hadith.〔http://www.islamswomen.com/marriage/fiqh_of_marriage_6.php〕 The mahr is often paid to the bride in parts. The ''mahr'' amount given to the bride at the signing of the marriage contract is called a ''muajjal'' or ''mu'qadamm'' (in ; مقدم, ''literally translated as forepart presented''), and the portion that is promised but deferred is called a ''muwajjal'' or ''mu'akhaar'' ( in مؤخر, ''literally translated as delayed''). A deferred promise to pay does not make the full amount of the mahr any less legally required.〔The Islamic Institution of Mahr and American Law, Richard Freeland, Gonzaga University, http://www.law.gonzaga.edu/academic-program/Files/GJIL/Volume4/Vol4-TheIslamicInstitution.pdf〕 There are differences between the nature of ''mahr'', definition of proper contract and conditions of enforceability depending on the regional ''fiqh'' and school of Islamic jurisprudence.〔Lindsey E. Blenkhorn, Note, Islamic Marriage Contracts in American Courts: Interpreting Mahr Agreements as Prenuptials and Their Effect on Muslim Women, 76 S. CAL. L. REV. 189, 210-11 (2002)〕 ==Etymology and history== The word ''mahr'' is related to Hebrew Mohar, more closely to the Syriac word Mahrā, “bridal gift”, which originally meant “purchase-money”. The word implies a gift given voluntarily and not as a result of a contract, but in Muslim religious law it was declared a gift which the bridegroom has to give the bride when the contract of marriage is made and which becomes the property of the wife.〔Spies, O.. "Mahr." Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936). Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, T.W. Arnold, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. Brill Online〕 Among pre-Islamic Arabs, a ''bride price'' called ''mahra'' or ''mahar'', was an essential condition for a legal marriage and only when a ''mahra'' had been given to the bride by the groom, or on groom's behalf, did a proper marriage relationship arise. The ''mahra'' was the wife's property. This practice continued under Islam.〔"Mahr." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mahr」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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