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Machine to Machine refers to technologies that allow both wireless and wired systems to communicate with other devices of the same type. Machine to Machine is a broad term as it does not pinpoint specific wireless or wired networking, information and communications technology. This broad term is particularly used by business executives. Machine to Machine is considered an integral part of the Internet of Things (IoT) and brings several benefits to industry and business〔J. Höller, V. Tsiatsis, C. Mulligan, S. Karnouskos, S. Avesand, D. Boyle: ''(From Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of Things: Introduction to a New Age of Intelligence ).'' Elsevier, 2014, ISBN 978-0-12-407684-6.〕 in general as it has a wide range of applications such as industrial automation, logistics, Smart Grid, Smart Cities, health, defense etc. mostly for monitoring but also for control purposes. Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) can serve all of the sensors and machine-readable identifiers needed to make the Internet of Things a reality with its extremely large address space. 〔http://www.infoworld.com/d/networking/stop-using-internet-protocol-version-4〕〔http://www.digitalgovernment.com/media/Downloads/asset_upload_file842_2515.pdf〕 Consequently, the future success of Machine to Machine, as an integral part of the IoT, will require the successful global adoption of IPv6.〔〔〔 Machine to Machine can include the case of industrial instrumentation - comprising a ''device'' (such as a sensor or meter) to capture an ''event'' (such as temperature, inventory level, etc.) that is relayed through a ''network'' (wireless, wired or hybrid) to an ''application'' (software program) that translates the captured event into ''meaningful information'' (for example, items need to be restocked).〔("M2M: The Internet of 50 Billion Devices" ), ''WinWin Magazine'', January 2010.〕 Such communication was originally accomplished by having a remote network of machines relay information back to a central hub for analysis, which would then be rerouted into a system like a personal computer.〔("Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communications" ), ''MobileIN''.〕 However, modern Machine to Machine communication has expanded beyond a one-to-one connection and changed into a system of networks that transmits data to personal appliances. The expansion of IP networks across the world has made it far easier for Machine to Machine communication to take place and has lessened the amount of power and time necessary for information to be communicated between machines.〔("How Machine-to-Machine Communication Works" ), HowStuffWorks.com〕 These networks also allow an array of new business opportunities and connections between consumers and producers in terms of the products being sold.〔("When Machines Speak" ), ''InfoWorld''.〕 Machine to Machine was originally used for automation and instrumentation but now has been also used to refer to telematics applications. ==History== Wired communication machines have been using signaling to exchange information since the early 20th century. Machine to Machine has taken more sophisticated forms since the advent of computer networking automation and predates cellular communication. It has been utilized in applications such as telemetry, industrial, automation, SCADA. Machine to Machine devices that combined telephony and computing were first conceptualized by Theodore G. Paraskevakos while working on his caller line identification system in 1968, later patented in the U.S. in 1973. This system, similar but distinct from the panel call indicator of the 1920s and automatic number identification of the 1940s, was the predecessor to what is now caller ID. After several attempts and experiments, he realized that in order for the telephone to be able to read the caller's telephone number, it must possess intelligence so he developed the method in which the caller's number is transmitted to the called receiver's device. His portable transmitter and receiver were reduced to practice in 1971 in a Boeing facility in Huntsville, Alabama, representing the world’s first working prototypes of caller identification devices (shown at right). They were installed at Peoples’ Telephone Company in Leesburg, Alabama and in Athens, Greece where they were demonstrated to several telephone companies with great success. This method was the basis for modern-day Caller ID technology. He was also the first to introduce the concepts of intelligence, data processing and visual display screens into telephones which gave rise to the smartphone.〔U.S. Patent #3,812,296/5-21-1974 (''Apparatus for Generating and Transmitting Digital Information''), U.S. Patent #3,727,003/4-10-1973 (''Decoding and Display Apparatus for Groups of Pulse Trains''), U.S. Patent #3,842,208/10-15-1974 (''Sensor Monitoring Device''), U.S. Patent #4,241,237/12-23-1980 ("Apparatus and Method for Remote Sensor Monitoring, Metering and Control")〕 In 1977, Paraskevakos started Metretek, Inc. in Melbourne, FL to conduct commercial automatic meter reading and load management for electrical services which led to the “smart grid” and “smart meter.” To achieve mass appeal, Paraskevakos sought to reduce the size of the transmitter and the time of transmission through telephone lines by creating a single chip processing and transmission method. Motorola was contracted in 1978 to develop and produce the single chip, but the chip was too large for Motorola's capabilities at that time. As a result, it became two separate chips (shown at right). While cellular is becoming more common, sizable numbers of machines still use land lines (POTS, DSL, cable) to connect to the IP network. The cellular M2M communications industry emerged in 1995 when Siemens set up a dedicated department inside its mobile phones business unit to develop and launch a GSM data module called “M1” based on the Siemens mobile phone S6 for M2M industrial applications, enabling machines to communicate over wireless networks. In October 2000, the modules department formed a separate business unit inside Siemens called "Wireless Modules" which in June 2008 became a standalone company called Cinterion Wireless Modules. The first M1 module was used for early point of sale (POS) terminals, in vehicle telematics, remote monitoring and tracking and tracing applications. Machine to Machine technology was first embraced by early implementers such as GM and Hughes Electronics Corporation who realized the benefits and future potential of the technology. By 1997, Machine to Machine wireless technology became more prevalent and sophisticated as ruggedized modules were developed and launched for the specific needs of different vertical markets such as automotive telematics. Today, Machine to Machine data modules are extremely sophisticated and come with an array of features and capabilities such as onboard global positioning (GPS) technology, flexible land grid array surface mounting, embedded Machine to Machine optimized smart cards (like phone SIMs) known as MIMs or Machine to Machine identification modules, and embedded Java, an important enabling technology to accelerate the Internet of Things (IOT). Another example of an early use is OnStar's system of communication.〔("The Rise of the Machine-to-Machine Sector" ), ''IT Business Edge''.〕 The hardware components of a machine to machine network are manufactured by a few key players. In 1998, Quake Global started designing and manufacturing Machine to Machine satellite and terrestrial modems. Initially relying heavily on ORBCOMM network for its satellite communication services, Quake Global expanded its telecommunication product offerings by engaging both satellite and terrestrial networks, which gave Quake Global an edge in offering network agnostic〔(Asset tracking and monitoring has 'bright future:' One-on-one with Quake Global, telecom Engine )〕 products. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Machine to machine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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