|
''Limnoperdon'' is a fungal genus in the monotypic family Limnoperdaceae. The genus is also monotypic, as it contains a single species, the aquatic fungus ''Limnoperdon incarnatum''. The species, described as new to science in 1976, produces fruit bodies that lack specialized structures such as a stem, cap and gills common in mushrooms. Rather, the fruit bodies—described as aquatic or floating puffballs—are small balls (0.5–1 mm diameter) of loosely interwoven hyphae. The balls float on the surface of the water above submerged twigs. Experimental observations on the development of the fruit body, based on the growth on the fungus in pure culture, suggest that a thin strand of mycelium tethers the ball above water while it matures. Fruit bodies start out as a tuft of hyphae, then become cup-shaped, and eventually enclose around a single chamber that contains reddish spores. Initially discovered in a marsh in the state of Washington, the fungus has since been collected in Japan, South Africa, and Canada. ==Taxonomy, classification and phylogeny== The family, genus and species were first described in a 1976 publication by graduate students Gustavo Escobar and Dennis McCabe, and undergraduate Craig Harpel who, in the fall of 1974, found the fungus as part of "a class project to find and isolate phycomycetes".〔 The holotype is located in the University of Washington Mycological Herbarium. An isotype (duplicate of the holotype specimen) is located in the Herbarium of the University of El Salvador in San Salvador.〔 |2= }} |2=''Volvopluteus gloiocephalus'' }} |label2= Tricholomataceae |2=''Melanoleuca verrucipes'' }} }} |label2= Limnoperdaceae |2=''L. incarnatum'' }} }} }} |caption= Cladogram indicating phylogeny of ''L. incarnatum'' and some related species in the Pluteoid clade, based on ribosomal DNA sequences; after Matheny ''et al''., 2006:〔 }} ''Limnoperdon incarnatum'' was originally thought to be associated with the Gasteromycetes, an artificial assemblage of species united by the fact that their spores mature inside the fruit bodies and are not forcibly discharged from the basidia. Other morphologically similar genera include the ''Gasterella'' of the family Gasterellaceae, and the ''Protogaster'' of the family Protogastraceae; however, it was excluded from these genera because of significant differences in spore color and structure, presence of clamp connections, and structure of the basidia. For these reasons the new family Limnoperdaceae was described to contain the new species, and it was classified along the Protogastraceae in the (now defunct) order Protogastrales.〔 More recently, molecular phylogenetics has been to used to clarify the relationship ''Limnoperdon'' with other fungi. In 2001, David Hibbett and Manfred Binder established the membership of ''Limnoperdon incarnatum'' in the euagarics clade, a phylogenetically related group of species traditionally forming the order Agaricales.〔 Additional molecular studies have placed Limnoperdaceae in the pluteoid clade of the Agaricales, a grouping that includes the families Pluteaceae, Amanitaceae, and Pleurotaceae;〔 other studies that used comparisons of ribosomal DNA sequences placed ''Limnoperdon'' near the gilled genera ''Melanoleuca'' or ''Resupinatus'', of the Tricholomataceae family.〔〔〔 A 2007 field study that used molecular techniques to survey aquatic fungal taxa in a small springbrook in Valley Spring, Southern Ontario, Canada discovered many fungal taxa with high genetic affinity to ''Limnoperdon incarnatum'', which suggests that a closely related species may also be common in streams.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Limnoperdon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|