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Jayhawkers is a term that came to prominence just before the American Civil War in Bleeding Kansas, where it was adopted by militant bands affiliated with the free-state cause. These bands, known as "Jayhawkers", were guerrilla fighters who often clashed with pro-slavery groups from Missouri known at the time as "Border Ruffians". After the Civil War, the word "Jayhawker" became synonymous with the people of Kansas. Today a modified version of the term, Jayhawk, is used as a nickname for a native-born Kansan,〔(Jayhawker - Dictionary.com )〕〔(Jayhwaker - Merriamwebster.com )〕〔(Jayhawker - Thefreedictionary.com )〕 but more typically for a student, fan, or alumnus of the University of Kansas. ==Origin== The origin of the term "Jayhawker" is uncertain. The term was adopted as a nickname by a group of emigrants traveling to California in 1849.〔Fox, Simeon M. "The Story of the Seventh Kansas." Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society 8(1904): 13-49.〕 The origin of the term may go back as far as the Revolutionary War, when it was reportedly used to describe a group associated with American patriot John Jay.〔The Daily Cleveland Herald, (Cleveland, OH) Saturday, December 21, 1861. Issue 301; column B〕 First published "in 1858 or 1859", the slang term “jayhawking” became widely used as a synonym for stealing.〔Robley, History of Bourbon County Kansas, 95;〕〔Cutler, History of the State of Kansas, 1:878.〕〔William Anselm Mitchell, Linn County, Kansas: A History (Kansas City, Kans.: Campbell-Gates, 1928), 22〕〔Daniel W. Wilder, Annals of Kansas: 1541–1885 (Topeka: Kansas Publishing House, 1875), 615–16; Starr, Jennison’s Jayhawkers, 29〕〔Kansas Magazine 3 (1873), 553.〕 Examples include: The term became part of the lexicon of the Missouri-Kansas border in about 1858, during the Kansas territorial period. The term came to be used to describe militant bands nominally associated with the free-state cause. One early Kansas history contained this succinct characterization of the jayhawkers:〔Spring, Leverett Wilson. Kansas, The Prelude to the War for the Union. New York: Boston Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1896〕 Another historian of the territorial period described the jayhawkers as bands of men that were willing to fight, kill, and rob for a variety of motives that included defense against pro-slavery "Border Ruffians", abolition, driving pro-slavery settlers from their claims of land, revenge, and/or plunder and personal profit.〔Welch, G. Murlin. Border Warfare in Southeast Kansas: 1856-1859. Linn County Publishing Co., Inc. 1977.〕 While the "Bleeding Kansas" era is generally regarded as beginning in 1856, the earliest documented uses of the term "jayhawker" during the Kansas troubles were in the late 1850s, after the issue of slavery in Kansas had essentially been decided in favor of the Free State cause.〔Welch, G. Murlin. Border Warfare in Southeast Kansas: 1856-1859. Linn County Publishing Co., Inc. 1977. Chapter XV, Endnote No. 20.〕〔Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc. ... Standard Pub. Co. Chicago : 1912. Vols. I-II edited by Frank W. Blackmar. "Jayhawkers" entry. Transcribed July 2002 by Carolyn Ward. http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/archives/1912/j/jayhawkers.html . Accessed January 21, 2011.〕 The earliest dated mention of the name comes from the autobiography of August Bondi, who came to Kansas in 1855. Bondi claimed that he observed General James Lane addressing his forces as Jayhawkers in December 1857.〔August Bondi, Autobiography (Galesberg, Ill.: Wagoner Printing Co., 1911), 33–34, 6〕〔http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/8265/1/Kansas%20History_v33_4_lane_final.pdf〕 Another early reference to the term (as applied to the Kansas troubles) emerging at that time is provided in the retrospective account of Kansas newspaperman John McReynolds. McReynolds reportedly picked up the term from Pat Devlin, a Free State partisan described as "nothing more nor less than a dangerous bully."〔"The Kansas War, The Disturbances in Southern Kansas – Brown and Montgomery." New York Times, January 28, 1859.〕 In mid-1858, McReynolds asked Devlin where he had acquired two fine horses that he had recently brought into the town of Osawatomie. Devlin replied that he "got them as the Jayhawk gets its birds in Ireland," which he explained as follows: "In Ireland a bird, which is called the Jayhawk, flies about after dark, seeking the roosts and nests of smaller birds, and not only robs nests of eggs, but frequently kills the birds." McReynolds understood Devlin had acquired his horses in the same manner the Jayhawk got its prey, and used the term in a Southern Kansas Herald newspaper column to describe a case of theft in the ongoing partisan violence. The term was quickly picked up by other newspapers, and "Jayhawkers" soon came to denote the militants and thieves affiliated with the Free State cause.〔"Origin of the Word Jayhawking In Application to the People of Kansas. Incidents in the early History of the Territory." The Allen County Courant (Iola, Kansas), May 23, 1868; Vol. 2, No. 19.〕 The meaning of the jayhawker term evolved in the opening year of the Civil War. When Charles Jennison, one of the territorial-era jayhawkers, was authorized to raise a regiment of cavalry to serve in the Union army, he characterized the unit as the "Independent Kansas Jay-Hawkers" on a recruiting poster. The regiment was officially termed the 7th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry, but was popularly known as Jennison's Jayhawkers.〔Starr, p. 57.〕 Thus, the term became associated with Union troops from Kansas. After the regiment was banished from the Missouri-Kansas border in the spring of 1862, it went on to participate in several battles including Union victories of the Battle of Iuka and the Second Battle of Corinth. Late in the war, the regiment returned to Kansas and contributed to Union victory in one of the last major battles in the Missouri-Kansas theatre, the Battle of Mine Creek. Jennison's court martial and dismissal from the Union forces in June, 1865 illustrate, however, how the Union army disciplined against excesses among pro-Union partisans; while, on the other hand, the Confederacy collaborated with the pro-slavery Bushwhackers and paramilitary partisans on the Confederate side, such as in Sterling Price's invasion of Missouri in September 1864 when he collaborated with Missouri Bushwhackers culminating in depradations such as the massacre at Centralia, MO. Evidence shows that, while Confederate commanders did not discipline their paramilitary marauders, they did not condone the civilian-on-civilian murders either. The CSA officer whose company (about 100 CSA troops) joined Quantrill's gang (about 350) for the horrific Lawrence Massacre in August 1863, forbade his soldiers from participating in the killing once he witnessed the civilian slaughter--which ended in 150 civilian men and boys shot on the steps of their homes and the town burned. 〔Sesquicentennial proceedings in August 2013 in Lawrence, Kan.〕 The jayhawker term was applied not only to Jennison and his command, but to any Kansas troops engaged in predatory operations against the civilian population of western Missouri, in which the plundering and arson that characterized the territorial struggles were repeated, but on a much larger scale. For example, the term "jayhawkers" also encompassed Senator Jim Lane and his Kansas Brigade, which sacked and burned Osceola, Missouri in the opening months of the war after their defeat by Sterling Price's Missouri State Guard in the Battle of Dry Wood Creek.〔Goodrich, Thomas. Black Flag: Guerrilla Warfare on the Western Border, 1861-1865. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1995.〕〔Benedict, Bryce. Jayhawkers: The Civil War Brigade of James Henry Lane. University of Oklahoma Press, 2009.〕 A number of other smaller Missouri towns, and large swaths of the Missouri countryside, were similarly plundered and laid waste by Union forces as back and forth raids were undertaken by forces from both sides. However, lending to confusion over the precise meaning of the jayhawker term along the Missouri-Kansas border, it also continued to be used to describe outright criminals like Marshall Cleveland that operated on a smaller scale and outside the Union military command, but still under the cover of supposed Unionism.〔Starr〕 A newspaper reporter traveling through Kansas in 1863 provided definitions of jayhawker and associated terms:〔Connelly, William E. Quantrill and the Border Wars. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Torch Press. 1910. Page 412.〕 The depredations of the jayhawkers contributed to the descent of the Missouri-Kansas border region into some of the most vicious guerrilla fighting of the Civil War. In the first year of the war, much of the movable wealth in western Missouri had been transferred to Kansas, and large swaths of western Missouri had been laid waste, by an assortment of Kansas jayhawkers ranging from outlaws and independent military bands to rogue federal troops such as Lane's Brigade and Jennison's Jayhawkers. In February 1862, the Union command instituted martial law due to "the crime of armed depredations or jay-hawking having reached a height dangerous to the peace and posterity to the whole State (Kansas) and seriously compromising the Union cause in the border counties of Missouri."〔General Order No. 17; Headquarters Department of Kansas, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, February 8, 1862.〕 One expert on the jayhawkers stated that the Border War would have been bad enough given the fighting between secessionist and unionist Missourians, "but it was basically Kansas craving for revenge and Kansas craving for loot that set the tone of the war. Nowhere else, with the grim exception of the East Kentucky and East Tennessee mountains, did the Civil War degenerate so completely into a squalid, murderous, slugging match as it did in Kansas and Missouri."〔Starr, p. 50.〕 The most infamous event in this war of raids and reprisals was Confederate leader William Quantrill's retaliatory attack on Lawrence, Kansas known as the Lawrence Massacre.〔ICastel, Albert. Kansas Jayhawking Raids Into Western Missouri in 1861. Missouri Historical Review 54/1. October 1959.〕 In response to Quantrill's raid, the Union command issued Order No. 11, the forced depopulation of specified Missouri border lands. Intended to eliminate sanctuary and sustenance for pro-Confederate guerrilla fighters, it was enforced by troops from Kansas, and provided an excuse for a final round of plundering, arson, and summary execution perpetrated against the civilian population of western Missouri.〔Bingham, George Caleb. Address to the public, vindicating a work of art illustrative of the federal military policy in Missouri during the late civil war. Kansas City, MO. 1871. http://digital.library.umsystem.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=e07d845a0242434deb73d27e3b7377e1;g=;c=shs;idno=shs000022.〕 In the words of one observer, "the Kansas-Missouri border was a disgrace even to barbarism."〔Robinson, Charles. ''The Kansas Conflict''. 1892. Reprint. Lawrence, Kans.: Journal Publishing Co., 1898. Page 455.〕 As the war continued, the "jayhawker" term came to be used by Confederates as a derogatory term for any troops from Kansas, but the term also had different meanings in different parts of the country. In Arkansas, the term was used by Confederate Arkansans as an epithet for any marauder, robber, or thief (regardless of Union or Confederate affiliation).〔Daniel E. Sutherland. Jayhawkers and Bushwackers. The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture. http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net .〕 In Louisiana, the term was used to describe anti-Confederate guerrillas, as well as free-booting bands of draft dodgers and deserters.〔Block, William T. Some Notes on the Civil War Jayhawkers of Confederate Louisiana. http://www.wtblock.com/WtblockJr/jayhawke.htm〕 Over time, proud of their state's contributions to the end of slavery and the preservation of the Union, Kansans embraced the "Jayhawker" term. The term came to be applied to people or items related to Kansas, similar to the terms "Hoosier" for Indiana, "Sooner" for Oklahoma, "Tar Heel" for North Carolina, and "Buckeye" for Ohio. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jayhawker」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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