|
Industrialisation or industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one, involving the extensive re-organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. As industrial workers' incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth. ==Background== The first transformation to an industrial economy from an agricultural one, known as the Industrial Revolution, took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century in certain areas in Europe and North America; starting in Great Britain, followed by Belgium, Germany, and France. Later commentators have called this the first industrial revolution.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Industrial Revolution )〕〔Pollard, Sidney: Peaceful Conquest.The Industrialisation of Europe 1760–1970, Oxford 1981.〕 The "Second Industrial Revolution" labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the steam engine, the invention of the internal combustion engine, the harnessing of electricity and the construction of canals, railways and electric-power lines. The invention of the assembly line gave this phase a boost.〔 Buchheim, Christoph: Industrielle Revolutionen. Langfristige Wirtschaftsentwicklung in Großbritannien, Europa und in Übersee, München 1994, S. 11-104. 〕〔 Jones, Eric: The European Miracle: Environments, Economics and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia, 3. ed. Cambridge 2003. 〕〔 Henning, Friedrich-Wilhelm: Die Industrialisierung in Deutschland 1800 bis 1914, 9. Aufl., Paderborn/München/Wien/Zürich 1995, S. 15-279.〕 By the end of the 20th century, East Asia had become one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world.〔''Industry & Enterprise: An International Survey Of Modernisation & Development'', ISM/Google Books, revised 2nd edition, 2003. ISBN 978-0-906321-27-0. ()〕 There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development.〔Lewis F. Abbott, ''Theories Of Industrial Modernisation & Enterprise Development: A Review'', ISM/Google Books, revised 2nd edition, 2003. ISBN 978-0-906321-26-3.()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Industrialisation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|