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((サンスクリット: गुण)) depending on the context means 'string, thread or strand', or 'virtue, merit, excellence', or 'quality, peculiarity, attribute, property'.〔(guna ) Monier Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany〕〔(guNa ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕 The concept originated in Samkhya philosophy, but now a key concept in various schools of Hindu philosophy.〔James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 9780823931798, page 265〕 There are three gunas, according to this worldview, that have always been and continue to be present in all things and beings in the world.〔 These three ''gunas'' are called: ' (goodness, constructive, harmonious), ' (passion, active, confused), and ' (darkness, destructive, chaotic).〔 All of these three ''gunas'' are present in everyone and everything, it is the proportion that is different, according to Hindu worldview. The interplay of these ''gunas'' defines the character of someone or something, of nature and determines the progress of life.〔〔 In some contexts, it may mean 'a subdivision, species, kind, quality', or an operational principle or tendency of something or someone.〔Theos Bernard (1999), ''Hindu Philosophy'', Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1373-1, pages 74–76〕 In human behavior studies, ''Guna'' means personality, innate nature and psychological attributes of an individual.〔S Elankumaran (2004), Personality, organizational climate and job involvement: An empirical study, Journal of Human Values, 10(2): 117-130〕〔S Deshpande et al (2009), A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on Gunas (personality) and Self esteem in normal healthy volunteers, International Journal of Yoga, 2(1): 13-21, 〕〔S Shilpa & C Murthy (2011), Understanding personality from Ayurvedic perspective for psychological assessment: A case, Ayu, 32(1): 12-19, 〕 There is no single word English language translation for the concept ''guna''.〔Alban Widgery (1930), The principles of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pages 234-237〕 The usual, but approximate translation is "quality".〔Karl H. Potter (2011), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120803091, page 112〕 ==Etymology== ''Guna'' appears in many ancient and medieval era Indian texts. Depending on the context, it means:〔(guna ) Monier Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany〕〔(guNa ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕〔 * string or thread, rope, sinew, chord (music, vowel phonology and arts literature)〔W Raffé (1952), Rāgas and Rāginīs: A key to Hindu aesthetics, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 11(2): 105-117〕〔Benjamin Woodbridge Dwight, , pages 48-50〕 * virtue, merit, excellence (dharma and soteriological literature)〔E Yamaguchi (1967), A Consideration to Pratyaya-Sarga, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 15, 16-22〕〔Gerald James Larson and Ram Shankar Bhattacharya (2014), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies - Samkhya, A Dualist Tradition in Indian Philosophy, Volume 4, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691604411, pages 65-66〕 * quality, peculiarity, tendency, attribute, property, species (sastras, sutras, the Epics, food and analytical literature)〔K Klostermaier (1984), Time in Patañjali's" Yogasūtra", Philosophy East and West, 34(2): 205-210〕 ;The root and origins Guṇa is both a root and a word in Sanskrit language. Its different context-driven meanings are derived from either the root or the word. In verse VI.36 of Nirukta by Yāska, a 1st millennium BC text on Sanskrit grammar and language that preceded Panini, ''Guṇa'' is declared to be derived from the another root ''Gaṇa'',〔(gaNana ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Germany〕 which means "to count, enumerate".〔 This meaning has led to its use in speciation, subdivision, classification of anything by peculiarity, attribute or property. This meaning has also led to its use with prefixes such as ''Dviguna'' (twofold), ''Triguna'' (threefold) and so on. In another context, such as phonology, grammar and arts, ''"Guṇa-"'' takes the meaning of ''amantrana'' (आमन्त्रणा, addressing, invitation) or ''abhyasa'' (अभ्यास, habit, practice).〔 In the Mahabharata Book 6 Chapter 2, the meaning of ''guna'' similarly comes in the sense of addressing each part (the root implying amantrana), and thereby it means ''avayava'' (अवयव, member, subdivision, portion). In Sanskrit treatises on food and cooking, ''guna'' means quality, tendency and nature of ingredient. Ancient South Indian commentators, such as Lingayasurin, explain that the meaning of ''guna'' as "thread, string" comes from the root guna- in the sense of repetition (''abhyasa''), while the Telugu commentator Mallinatha explains the root ''guna-'' is to be understood in Sisupalavadha as ''amredana'' (आम्रेडन, reiteration, repetition).〔 Larson and Bhattacharya suggest that the "thread" metaphor relates to that which connects and runs between what we objectively observe to the ''tattva'' (तत्त्व, elementary property, principle, invisible essence) of someone or something.〔〔(tattva ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕 In the context of philosophy, morality and understanding nature, ''"Guna-"'' with more dental ''na'' takes the meaning of addressing quality, substance, tendency and property.〔〔 In abstract discussion, it includes all hues of qualities - desirable, neutral or undesirable; but if unspecified, it is assumed with good faith to be good and divine in Indian philosophy. Thus, ''Guṇi'' from the root ''"Guṇa-"'' means someone or something with "divine qualities", as in Svetasvatara Upanishad hymn VI.2.〔Kapila Vatsyayan, Kalātattvakośa: Manifestation of nature : Sr̥ṣṭi vistāra, Volume 4, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120815476, pages 144-148〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Guṇa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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