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Unplaced in APG II
When the APG II system of plant classification was published in April 2003, fifteen genera and three families were placed incertae sedis in the angiosperms, and were listed in a section of the appendix entitled "Taxa of uncertain position".
By the end of 2009, molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences had revealed the relationships of most of these taxa, and all but three of them had been placed in some group within the angiosperms. In October 2009, APG II was superseded by the APG III system.〔Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). (An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III ). ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'' 161(2): 105-121.〕 In APG III, 11 of the genera listed above were placed in families, or else became families whose position within their orders was approximately or exactly known. The family Rafflesiaceae was placed in the order Malpighiales, close to Euphorbiaceae and possibly within it. ''Mitrastema'' became a monotypic family, Mitrastemonaceae. This family and Balanophoraceae were placed ''incertae sedis'' into orders, that is, their positions within these orders remained completely unknown. ''Metteniusa'' was found to belong to a supraordinal group known as the lamiids, which has not been satisfactorily divided into orders. ''Cynomorium'' was raised to familial status as Cynomoriaceae, and along with Apodanthaceae and ''Gumillea'', remained unplaced in APG III. Five taxa were unplaced among the angiosperms in APG III because ''Nicobariodendron'' and ''Petenaea'' were added to the list.
==''Leptaulus''==
There is no apparent reason for the inclusion of ''Leptaulus'' in the list of unplaced taxa, other than the time lag between submission and publication. In 2001, in a phylogenetic study based on morphological and DNA data, ''Leptaulus'' was found to belong to a group of six genera that most authors now consider to be the family Cardiopteridaceae.〔Jesper Kårehed. 2001. "Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae". ''American Journal of Botany'' 88(12):2259-2274.〕 This was confirmed in a study of wood anatomy in 2008.〔Frederick Lens, Jesper Kårehed, Pieter Baas, Steven Jansen, David Rabaey, Suzy Huysmans, Thomas Hamann, and Eric Smets. 2008. "The wood anatomy of the polyphyletic Icacinaceae s.l. and their relationships within asterids". ''Taxon'' 57(2):525-552.〕 The genus is placed in the Cardiopteridaceae in the APG III system of 2009.〔 Before 2001, ''Leptaulus'' and the rest of Cardiopteridaceae had usually been placed in a broadly circumscribed Icacinaceae, which turned out to be polyphyletic.
Some botanists do not recognize Cardiopteridaceae as a family of six genera. Instead, they segregate ''Cardiopteris'' into a monogeneric Cardiopteridaceae sensu stricto and place the other five genera in the family Leptaulaceae.〔Timothy M.A. Utteridge and Richard K. Brummitt. 2007. "Leptaulaceae" pages 191-192. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007).〕 The monophyly of Leptaulaceae has never been tested with molecular data.
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