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''Grammitis'' (dwarf polypody) is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae.〔Eric Schuettpelz and Kathleen M. Pryer. 2008. "Fern phylogeny" pages 395-416. In: Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler (editors). ''Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87411-3〕 It had formerly been placed in the family Grammitidaceae, but this family is no longer recognized by most authors because phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences have shown that it is embedded in Polypodiaceae.〔Harald Schneider, Hans-Peter Krier, Rosemary Wilson, and Alan R. Smith. 2006. "The Synammia Enigma: Evidence for a Temperate Lineage of Polygrammoid Ferns (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiidae) in Southern South America". ''Systematic Botany'' 31(1):31-41.〕 The delimitation of ''Grammitis'' was drastically narrowed in the first decade of the 21st century. It now contains about 25 species. In 2003, a study of the distribution of grammitid ferns placed 11 species in the New World, 7 in Africa, and 4 in the Pacific.〔Barbara S. Parris. 2003. "The distribution of Grammitidaceae (Filicales) inside and outside Malesia". ''Telopea'' 10(2):451-466.〕 The genus ''Grammitis'' was established by Olof Swartz around 1801.〔Olof Swartz. about 1801. "Genera et Species Filicum ···" In: ''Schrader's Journal für die Botanik''. page 17. (see ''External links'' below).〕 (sources vary on the exact date). The name is derived from Greek, ''gramma, grammatos'' meaning "a line or thread" and refers to the arrangement of the sori in some species.〔Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume II. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN 978-0-8493-2676-9 (vol II). (see ''External links'' below).〕 The type species for ''Grammitis'' is ''Grammitis marginella''.〔 The only known fossil of a grammitid fern has been named ''Grammitis succinea'', but it is not clear that it belongs to ''Grammitis'' as more recently defined. It was found in Oligocene amber from the Dominican Republic.〔David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4〕 ==Circumscription== In a treatment of Grammitidaceae in 1990, Barbara S. Parris defined ''Grammitis'' broadly, to include about 400 species.〔Barbara S. Parris. 1990. "Grammitidaceae" pages 153-157. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor); Karl U. Kramer and Peter S. Green (volume editors) ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume I. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-0-387-51794-0〕 At that time, she stated that "The treatment of ''Grammitis'' here as a large and diverse genus reflects our current lack of knowledge concerning relationships within the family". Other authors at that time circumscribed ''Grammitis'' more narrowly, to include about 200 species.〔 Since about 2003, ''Grammitis'' has been understood as a genus of about 25 species with the other species to be eventually transferred to other genera, most of them new or resurrected.〔 ''Grammitis'' sensu strictissimo (about 25 species) is distinguished by its black, sclerified leaf margins.〔Tom A. Ranker. 2008. "A New Combination in ''Adenophorus'' (Polypodiaceae)". ''American Fern Journal'' 98(3):170-177.〕 It is sister to the monophyletic genus Cochlidium.〔 In 2004, ''Grammitis'' was shown to be polyphyletic if broadly circumscribed.〔Tom A. Ranker, Alan R. Smith, Barbara S. Parris, Jennifer M.O. Geiger, Christopher H. Haufler, Shannon C.K. Straub, and Harald Schneider. 2004. "Phylogeny and evolution of grammitid ferns (Grammitidaceae): a case of rampant morphological homoplasy". ''Taxon'' 53(2):415-428.〕 ''Grammitis tenella'' had been shown to be closely related to ''Adenophorus'' in 2003,〔Tom A. Ranker, Jennifer M.O. Geiger, S.C. Kennedy, Alan R. Smith, Christopher H. Haufler, and Barbara S. Parris. 2003. "Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of the endemic Hawaiian genus ''Adenophorus'' (Grammitidaceae)" ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 26(3):337-347.〕 and the new combination ''Adenophorus tenellus'' was published in 2008.〔 Several species formerly in ''Grammitis'' have been transferred to ''Oreogrammitis''. These include ''Oreogrammitis clemensiae'', ''Oreogrammitis hookeri'', and others.〔〔Barbara S. Parris. 2007. "Five new genera and three new species of Grammitidaceae (Filicales) and the re-establishment of Oreogrammitis". ''Gardens' Bulletin. Singapore'' 58(2):233-274.〕 The genera ''Ctenopterella, Dasygrammitis, Radiogrammitis, Tomophyllum'', and ''Xiphopterella'' were established in 2007 and some of these contain species that were formerly in ''Grammitis''.〔 ''Lellingeria tomensis'' was moved out of ''Grammitis'' to ''Lellingeria'' in 2004.〔Barbara S. Parris. 2004. "New combinations in ''Acrosorus, Lellingeria, Prosaptia'', and ''Themelium'' (Grammitidaceae: Filicales)" ''Kew Bulletin'' 59(2):223-225.〕 Transfers to other genera have also been made. The classification of ''Grammitis basalis'', ''Grammitis recondita'', and others remains undecided. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Grammitis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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