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The Gomphrenoideae is a subfamily of the Amaranthaceae. The stamens have anthers with only one lobe (locule) and two pollen sacs. Many species show C4-photosynthesis pathway.〔 The center of diversity lies in Central America, Mexico and the dry forests and thorn bush savannas of South America.〔 == Systematics == The subfamily Gomphrenoideae was first published in 1893 by Hans Schinz (in: Engler und Prantl (Eds.): ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' vol. 3, 1a, p. 97). According to phylogenetic research by Sanchez Del-Pino (2009), the subfamily Gomphrenoideae Schinz is regarded as a monophyletic taxon with 19 genera and about 300-400 species. The traditional classification with two tribes (Gomphreneae and Pseudoplantageae) does not reflect the phylogenetic relationship in this group. Three clades can be recognized.:〔 * Cladus Iresinoids (sister clade of the two other clades): * * ''Irenella'' Suess., with only one species: * * * ''Irenella chrysotricha'' Suess., in rain forests of Ecuador. Phylogenetically, it falls within ''Iresine''. * * ''Iresine'' P.Browne (Syn.: ''Dicraurus'' Hook. f.): with about 45 species in North and South America. * * ''Woehleria'' Griseb.: with only one species * * * ''Woehleria serpyllifolia'' Griseb., on mountain coasts of Cuba. Phylogenetically, it falls within ''Iresine''. * Cladus Alternantheroids: * * ''Alternanthera'' Forssk. (Syn.: ''Brandesia'' Mart.): with about 100-200 species, mainly in America, also in Africa and Australia. * * ''Pedersenia'' Holub: with about 10 species in tropical America. * * ''Tidestromia'' Standl.: with about 6 species in deserts of southern North America. * Cladus Gomphrenoids: * * ''Blutaparon'' Raf. (Syn.: ''Philoxerus'' R.Br.): with about 5 species at shores of North and Middle America, West Africa, Micronesia and Japan, for example: * * * ''Blutaparon rigidum'' * * ''Froelichia'' Moench: with about 12 species in America. * * ''Froelichiella'' R.E.Fr., with only one species: * * * ''Froelichiella grisea'' R.E.Fr. in Brasília. * * ''Gomphrena'' L. (Syn.: ''Bragantia'' Vand.): with about 90 species in America and about 30 species in Australia. This genus is polyphyletic, so taxonomical changes have to be expected.〔 * * * ''Gomphrena pulchella'' * * * ''Gomphrena decumbens'' * * * ''Gomphrena globosa'' * * ''Gossypianthus'' Hook.: with 2 species in southern North America. * * ''Guilleminea'' Kunth (Syn.: ''Brayulinea'' Small) * * ''Hebanthe'' Mart.: with about 7 species in tropical America. * * ''Hebanthodes'' Pedersen, with only one species: * * * ''Hebanthodes peruviana'' Pedersen in Peru. * * ''Lithophila'' Sw., with 2 species on Galapagos and the Caribic * * ''Pfaffia'' Mart.: with about 35 species in tropical America. * * ''Pseudogomphrena'' R.E.Fr.,with only one species: * * * ''Pseudogomphrena scandens'' R.E.Fr. in Brasília. * * ''Pseudoplantago'' Suess.: with one species in Venezuela and one in Argentina. * * ''Quaternella'' Pedersen: with 3 species in Brasília. * * ''Xerosiphon'' Turcz.: with about 2 species in Brasília. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gomphrenoideae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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