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In ancient Roman religion, a flamen was a priest assigned to one of fifteen deities with official cults during the Roman Republic. The most important three were the ''flamines maiores'' (or "major priests"), who served the three chief Roman gods of the Archaic Triad. The remaining twelve were the ''flamines minores'' ("lesser priests"). Two of the ''minores'' cultivated deities whose names are now unknown; among the others are deities about whom little is known other than the name. During the Imperial era, the cult of a deified emperor ''(divus)'' also had a flamen. The fifteen Republican flamens were part of the Pontifical College which administered state-sponsored religion. When the office of flamen was vacant, a pontifex could serve as a temporary replacement, although only the Pontifex Maximus is known to have substituted for the Flamen Dialis. The official costume of a flamen, of great antiquity, was a hat called an ''apex'' and a heavy woolen cloak called a ''laena''. The laena was a double-thick wool cloak with a fringed edge, and was worn over the flamen's toga with a clasp holding it around his throat.〔Maurus Servius Honoratus, ''Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil'' iv.262; Cicero ''Brutus'' 57.〕 The ''apex'' was a leather skull-cap with a chin-strap and a point of olive wood on its top, like a spindle, with a little fluff of wool at the base of the spindle.〔Servius ''Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil'' ii.683, viii.664, x.270.〕 ==History and etymology== By the time of the religious reformation of Augustus, the origins and functions of many of the long-neglected gods resident in Rome was confusing even to the Romans themselves. The obscurity of some of the deities assigned a flamen (for example Falacer, Palatua, Quirinus and Volturnus) suggests that the office dated back to Archaic Rome. Many scholars assume that the ''flamines'' existed at least from the time of the early Roman kings, before the establishment of the Republic. The Romans themselves credited the foundation of the priesthood to Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome. According to Livy, Numa created the offices of the three ''flamines maiores'' and assigned them each a fine robe of office and a curule chair.〔Livy, ''Ab urbe condita'', 1:20〕 The ''flamines'' were circumscribed by many taboos. The origin of the word ''flamen'' is as obscure as are some of the assigned gods. Sophus Bugge suggested in 1879 that ''flamen'' is from an older *''flădmen'' and related to the Germanic blót. Both would be derived from a Proto-Indo-European word *''bhlād(s)men''.〔(Hellquist, Elof. "blota". ''Svensk etymologisk ordbok'', 1922 ).〕 Indo-Europeanist Georges Dumézil attempted to link it to the Sanskrit word ''brahman''.〔'The Sanskrit brahman... must derive, with reverse guna, from *bhelgh-men- or *bholgh-men-. The Latin flamen must derive from a neighboring form, *bhlagh-smen-, which, along with forms having the radical -el- or - ol-, presents the same shift'. Dumézil G.,(1940), ''Mitra-Varuna'', trans. D. Coltman. New York: Zone Books, 1988, p.26;〕 This etymology is still controversial. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Flamen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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