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Fertilisation
Fertilisation (also known as conception, fecundation, syngamy and impregnation〔http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/impregnation〕) is the fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new individual organism.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Fertilization )〕 In animals, the process involves the fusion of an ovum with a sperm, which first creates a zygote and then leads to the development of an embryo. Depending on the animal species, the process can occur within the body of the female in internal fertilisation, or outside (external fertilisation). The cycle of fertilisation and development of new individuals is called sexual reproduction.
==History==
In 1784, Spallanzani established the need of interaction between the female's ovum and male's semen to form a zygote. Oscar Hertwig (1876), in Germany, described the fusion of nuclei of spermatozoa and of ova from sea urchin.〔Birkhead, T.R. & Montgomerie, R. (2009). Three centuries of sperm research, pp 1-42 in: Birkhead, T. R., Hosken, D. J. & Pitnick, S. ''Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective''. Elsevier/Academic Press, Amsterdam. 642 pp., ().〕
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