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Esegels (aka ''Izgil'' (10px10px10px), ''Äsägel'', ''Askel'', ''Askil'', ''Ishkil'', pinyin ''Asijie'', ''Sijie'') were a, possibly,Turkic dynastic tribe that in the Middle Ages joined the Itil Bulgaria state and were assimilated to Bulgars; or was possibly a Bulgar tribe all along, as mentioned by Ibn Fadlan. Numerous records about Esegels in the sources in many languages, in connection with many historical subjects, and across the span of the Eurasian steppes left numerous variations of their name.〔Golden P.B., ''"Khazar studies. Historico-philological inguiry into the origins of the Khazars"'', Vol. 1, Budapest, Akademia Kiado, 1980〕 M.Räsänen suggested Uralo-Altai etymology of this word: Es-kil, Es-gil "Old city",〔Räsänen M. ''"Uralaltaische Wortforschungen"'' // STUDIA ORIENTALIA, 18-3, 1955, p. 5, in Golden P.B., ''"Khazar studies"'', p. 241〕 which may conflict with the older Chinese phonetization pinyin: ''Asijie''.〔Zuev Yu.A., ''"The strongest tribe Esgil"'', p. 47〕 Esegels were mentioned in the ''Chronography'' of Theophanes the Confessor (760-818): ''"the same month (July 563) ambassadors of Askil/Askel, the king of Hermihions (Greek Ερμηχιονιονων; Lat. Ermechionorum), a tribe living among barbarians near the ocean, came to Constantinople"''.〔Zuev Yu.A., ''"The strongest tribe Esgil"'', p. 33〕 A Chinese annalistic account in 651 CE of the Western Turkic Kaganate Western Wing ''(on-shadapyt, Ch. Nushibi 弩失畢)'' division onto 5 tribes listed Esegels with a notation that the leader of first tribe Qiue-syjin ''"was most prosperous and strong, the number of his soldiers reached several tens of thousands"''.〔Zuev Yu.A., ''"The strongest tribe Esgil"'', p. 47, with reference to〕〔Ouyang Xiu, ''"Xin Tang shu (History of Tang dynasty"'', 618-907, New Edition)], Peking, Bo-na, 1958, Ch. 215b, p. 1506, f. 56〕 The leaders of the 5 tribes were listed as follows:〔Zuev Yu.A., ''"The strongest tribe Esgil"'', p. 47〕 Esegels may have had connection with the Central Asian tribe Chigil or Ishkil. Esegel presence in Itil (''Volga'') Bulgaria in 9th and 10th centuries was also mentioned by Ibn Fadlan. Report of the ambassador Ahmed ibn Fadlan, who visited Itil (''Volga'') banks in the 921-922, mentioned the Bulgarian tribe ''Askel''.〔Kovalevsky A.P. ''"Ahmed ibn Fadlan's book on travel to Volga in 921-922"'', Kharkiv, 1956, p. 139 (''Translation'')〕 Among other writers who mentioned Esegels, the Persian “Geography“ of 982 named ''Ishkils'' as one of three Bulgarian tribes, who were constantly conflicting among themselves.〔Minorsky V., ''"Hudud al-'Alam" (The regions of the World'', London, 1937, p. 162)〕 Gardizi, the author of the composition ''Zain al-ahbar'' (mid-11th century), wrote: ''"Between possessions of Bulgars and possessions of Eskels, who also belong to Bulgars, is a Magyar area. These Magyars are also a Türkic tribe"''.〔Bartold W., ''"Extracts from Gardizi composition "Za ahbar"'' //Collection of Works, vol. 5. Moscow-Leningrad, 1973, p. 37, 58〕 Constantine Porphyrogenitus wrote that endoethnonym of the "Magyar Türks" was ''Savartoiaskaloi'', i.e. ''Savart'' (Suvar/Sabir) and ''Eskel''.〔Vasari I., ''"Runic systems of the Eastern Europe script"'' // Altaica 2, Moscow, 1998, p. 37〕 Yu.A.Zuev summarized that ''It is held that Eskels (Esegels) merged with Hungarians (Magyars). The ethnographic group ''Sekei'' (written form Szekler) are recognized as their descendants''.〔Zuev Yu.A., ''"The strongest tribe Esgil"'', p. 34〕 Esegels left a prominent trace in the Northern and Western Europe as last and first names, mostly in the form "Askel". ==References== *Zuev Yu.A. ''"The strongest tribe Esgil"'' //Materials of International Round Table, Almaty, 2004, ISBN 9965-699-14-3 *Zuev Yu.A., ''"Early Türks: Essays on history and ideology"'', Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Esegel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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