|
''Encarsia'' is a large genus of minute parasitic wasps of the family Aphelinidae. The genus is very diverse with currently about 400 described species and worldwide distribution.〔Noyes, J. S. 2003. (Universal Chalcidoidea database )〕 The number of existing species is expected to be several times higher because many species are still undescribed.〔Heraty, J. M., et al. (2008) Systematics and Biology of ''Encarsia''. Chapter 4, pp. 71-87 In: Gould, J., et al. (Eds), In: Classical Biological Control of ''Bemisia tabaci'' in the United States. A review of interagency research and implementation. Progress in Biological Control 4. Springer Science and Business Media B. V. 1-343.〕 ''Encarsia'' is a very complex genus, with specimens showing both inter- and intra-specific variations, making morphological classification difficult. The adult wasps, tiny insects about 1 or 2 millimeters in size, are primarily parasitoids of sessile stages of Sternorrhyncha, in particular whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) and scale insects (Diaspididae). A few species are known to parasitize aphids, eggs of shield-back bugs (Plataspidae), and eggs of Lepidoptera. Females mostly develop as primary endoparasitoids, and males are commonly hyperparasitoids of the same or other species.〔Williams, T. and A. Polaszek. (1996). (A re-examination of host relations in the Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). ) ''Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society'' 57: 35-45. 〕〔Hunter, M. S. and J. B. Woolley. (2001). (Evolution and behavioral ecology of heteronomous aphelinid parasitoids. ) ''Annual Review of Entomology'' 46, 251-90.〕 Species of ''Encarsia'' are of particular interest because of their economic importance for biological pest control, especially in horticulture and for crops grown under glass. Many seem to be extremely host-specific which is an important trait for an acceptable and effective bio-control agent. == Species used in biological control == * ''Encarsia berlesei'' on white peach scale (''Pseudaulacaspis pentagona'')〔(EPPO )〕 * ''Encarsia bimaculata'' on sweet potato whitefly (''Bemisia tabaci'')〔Heraty, J. M., et al. (2008). Systematics and Biology of ''Encarsia''. Chapter 4, pp. 71-87 In: Gould, J., et al. (Eds), In: Classical Biological Control of ''Bemisia tabaci'' in the United States. A review of interagency research and implementation. Progress in Biological Control 4. Springer Science and Business Media B. V. 1-343.〕 * ''Encarsia clypealis'' on citrus blackfly (''Aleurocanthus woglumi'')〔Singh, S. P. (2004) Some success stories in classical biological control of pests in India. Asa-Pacifi Association of Agricultural Research Institutions, Publication 2004/2.〕 * ''Encarsia formosa'' on greenhouse whitefly (''Trialeurodes vaporariorum'')〔Hoddle, M. S., et al. (1998). (Biology and use of the whitefly parasitoid ''Encarsia formosa''. ) ''Annual Review of Entomology'' 43, 645-69.〕 * ''Encarsia harrisoni'' on long mussel scale (''Lepidosaphes gloverii'')〔 * ''Encarsia inaron'' on cabbage whitefly (''Aleyrodes proletella'') and ash whitefly (''Siphoninus phillyreae'')〔(Ash Whitefly. ) Center for Invasive Species Research. University of California, Riverside. 2009.〕 * ''Encarsia lahorensis'' on citrus whitefly (''Dialeurodes citri'')〔 * ''Encarsia lutea'' on silverleaf whitefly (''Bemisia tabaci''/''Bemisia argentifolii'') and greenhouse whitefly (''Trialeurodes vaporariorum'') * ''Encarsia pergandiella'' on sweet potato whitefly (''Bemisia tabaci'')〔Hoelmer, K. and J. Goolsby. (Release, establishment and monitoring of ''Bemisia tabaci'' natural enemies in the United States. ) In: 1st International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Honolulu, Hawaii, January 2002. pp. 58-65.〕 * ''Encarsia perniciosi'' on San Jose scale (''Quadraspidiotus perniciosus'') 〔 * ''Encarsia perplexa'' on citrus blackfly (''Aleurocanthus woglumi'')〔Nguyen, R., et al. (1983). (Population density of the citrus blackfly, ''Aleurocanthus woglumi'' Ashby (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), and its parasites in urban Florida in 1979-1981. ) ''Environmental Entomology'' 12, 878-84.〕 * ''Encarsia sophia'' on papaya whitefly (''Trialeurodes variabilis'') and sweet potato whitefly (''Bemisia tabaci'')〔Luo, C. and T. X. Liu. (2011). (Fitness of ''Encarsia sophia'' (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing ''Trialeurodes vaporariorum'' and ''Bemisia tabaci'' (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). ) ''Insect Science'' 18(1), 84-91.〕 * ''Encarsia tricolor'' on cabbage whitefly (''Aleyrodes proletella'')〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Encarsia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|