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The Eburones (Greek: , Strabo), were a people who lived in the northeast of Gaul, in what is now the southern Netherlands, eastern Belgium, and the German Rhineland, in the period immediately before this region was conquered by Rome. Though living in Gaul, they were also described as being both Belgae, and Germani. The Eburones played a major role in Julius Caesar's account of his "Gallic Wars", as the most important tribe within the ''Germani cisrhenani'' group of tribes - ''Germani'' living west of the Rhine amongst the Belgae. Caesar claimed that the name of the Eburones was wiped out after their failed revolt against his forces during the Gallic Wars. Whether any significant part of the population lived on in the area as Tungri, the tribal name found here later, is uncertain but considered likely. ==Location== Caesar is the primary source for the Eburones' location. The exact borders are difficult to be certain about, but the region that they and their fellow "Germani" inhabited corresponds to some extent with the later Roman district of ''Germania Inferior'', enclosed by the northern bend of the river Rhine, and including a stretch of the Meuse river (Dutch: Maas) stretching from the Ardennes until the river deltas of the Rhine and Meuse. In the early medieval church this evolved into the original church province of Cologne (before it stretched beyond the Rhine), which included the Diocese of Liège that had evolved from the Civitas Tungrorum. This large area included large parts of what are now the southern Netherlands, eastern Belgium, and the German Rhineland. Linguist Maurits Gysseling proposed that placenames such as Avendoren (Tienen), Averdoingt (Arras), Averbode, and Avernas (Hannut) may be derived from the Eburones. At one point Caesar reported that the chief part of the territory of the Eburones was between the Mosa (Maas or Meuse) and the Rhine.〔"Gallic War" (V.24 )〕 And "on this basis German scholars place them in the northern Eifel".〔, page 30-31.〕 On the other hand, Caesar places Atuatuca, the fort of the Eburones, about the middle of the territory of the Eburones; and it is possible this was Tongeren, which had the ancient name of ''Aduatuca Tungrorum''. This identification is also uncertain however, because Atuatuca might have been a word for fortress, or some other type of population centre. Other sites have been proposed, including nearby Mount Saint Peter, on the Maas river itself, but also places such as Spa, in the Ardennes. More generally Caesar's description of a narrow defile to its west, suitable for ambush, is a type of landscape less common as one goes north in this region, towards the low-lying Campine.〔, page 40.〕 And in the same passage, Caesar describes the Segni and Condrusi as being south of the Eburones, between them and the Treviri, who lived near the Moselle.〔"Gallic War" (VI.32 ).〕 This is difficult to reconcile with a territory near the Eifel because the Condrusi are the origin of the name of the Condroz region in the Ardennes, south of the Meuse, and west of the Eiffel. "No cultural groupings can be isolated to suit the Eburones in the north Eifel" according to Wightman. In contrast, she also writes that:- Belgian archaeologists identify them with the cultural group in northern Limburg and Kempen (Campine) which showed such strong continuity in Urnfield times. This would certainly account for the propinquity of Eburones and Menapii mentioned by Caesar; the distribution of war-time staters attributed to the Eburones (a mixture of transrhenine and Treveran elements) also corresponds with this group."〔 Furthermore, to the north and northwest, the Eburones bordered on the Menapii, who lived near the mouth of the Rhine river, though "protected by one continued extent of morasses and woods", and had ties of hospitality with them.〔"Gallic War" (VI.5 )〕 And at one point Caesar indicates that when the Eburones went into hiding, they not only dispersed into the Ardennes and morasses, but "those who were nearest the ocean concealed themselves in the islands which the tides usually form".〔"Gallic War" (VI.31 )〕 This is also seen to indicate that at least part of the Eburones lived west of the Maas, closer to the river deltas. Nico Roymans has argued, based on concentrations of coin finds, that there were Eburones as far north as the eastern part of the Dutch river-area, an area later inhabited by Batavians, a Roman-era Germanic group who may have included remnants of the older Eburone population.〔Nico Roymans, ''(Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power. The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire )''. Amsterdam Archaeological Studies 10. Amsterdam, 2004. Chapter 4. Also see page 249.〕 When the Tencteri and Usipetes, who were Germanic tribes, crossed the Rhine from Germania (55 BCE), Caesar reported that they first fell on the Menapii, and then crossed the Maas towards a tribe called the Ambivariti (otherwise unknown) and then advanced into the territories of the Eburones and Condrusi, who were both "under the protection of" the Treveri to the south.〔Julius Caesar, "Gallic War" (II.6 )〕 Apart from being under the protection of the Treveri, the Eburones also had close dealings with the Nervii, a large Belgic tribe to the west of them, who much later had their Roman provincial capital in Bavay (later moved to Cambrai). Neighbouring both the Nervii and the Eburones, possibly between them, were also the Aduatuci (or Atuatuci). Caesar reported that Ambiorix had been forced to pay tribute to them before the Romans came, and that his own son and nephew had been kept by them as hostages in slavery and chains.〔"Gallic War" (V.27 )〕 It was with these two tribes, that the Eburones could quickly form a military alliance against Caesar's forces.〔"Gallic War" (V.38 ) - (V.39 ).〕 The location of the Aduatuci is not clear, but their name appears to be related to the names of both the capital of the Eburones "Aduatuca" and the capital of the later Tungri "Aduatuca Tungrorum" (modern Tongeren) which may have been the same place.〔 Caesar also reports that during his conflict with them, the Eburones had some sort of alliance, organized via their allies the Treveri, with the Germanic tribes over the Rhine.〔"Gallic War" (VI.5 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eburones」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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