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is the Japanese term for self-published works, usually magazines, manga or novels. Dōjinshi are often the work of amateurs, though some professional artists participate as a way to publish material outside the regular industry. The term dōjinshi is derived from and . Dōjinshi are part of a wider category of dōjin including, but not limited to, art collections, anime, hentai and games. Groups of dōjinshi artists refer to themselves as a . A number of such groups actually consist of a single artist: they are sometimes called . Dōjinshi are made by artists or writers who prefer to publish their own materials. Since the 1980s, the main method of distribution has been through regular dōjinshi conventions, the largest of which is called Comiket (short for "Comic Market") held in the summer and winter in Tokyo's Big Sight. At the convention, over of dōjinshi are bought, sold, and traded by attendees. Dōjinshi creators who based their materials on other creators' works normally publish in small numbers to maintain a low profile from litigation. This makes a talented creator's or circle's dōjinshi a coveted commodity as only the fast or the lucky will be able to get them before they sell out. ==History== The pioneer among dōjinshi was ''Meiroku Zasshi'' (明六雑誌), published in the early Meiji period (since 1874). Not a literary magazine in fact, ''Meiroku Zasshi'' nevertheless played a big role in spreading the idea of dōjinshi. The first magazine to publish dōjinshi novels was ''Garakuta Bunko'' (我楽多文庫), founded in 1885 by writers Ozaki Kōyō and Yamada Bimyo.〔An article "同人誌" from encyclopedia 世界百科辞典.〕 Dōjinshi publication reached its peak in the early Shōwa period, and dōjinshi became a mouthpiece for the creative youth of that time. Created and distributed in small circles of authors or close friends, dōjinshi contributed significantly to the emergence and development of the ''shishōsetsu'' genre. During the postwar years, dōjinshi gradually decreased in importance as outlets for different literary schools and new authors. Their role was taken over by literary journals such as ''Gunzo'', ''Bungakukai'' and others. One notable exception was ''Bungei Shuto'' (文芸首都 lit. ''Literary Capital''), which was published from 1933 until 1969. Few dōjinshi magazines survived with the help of official literary journals. ''Haiku'' and ''tanka'' magazines are still published today. It has been suggested that technological advances in the field of photocopying during the 1970s contributed to an increase in publishing dojinshi. During this time, manga editors were encouraging manga authors to appeal to a mass market, which may have also contributed to an increase in the popularity of writing dojinshi. During the 1980s, the content of dōjinshi shifted from being predominantly original content to being mostly parodic of existing series.〔 Often called ''aniparo'', this was often an excuse to feature certain characters in romantic relationships. Male authors focused on series like ''Urusei Yatsura'', and female authors focused on series like ''Captain Tsubasa''.〔 This coincided with the rise in popularity of Comiket, the first event dedicated specifically to the distribution of dōjinshi, which had been founded in 1975. As of February 1991, there were some dōjinshi creators who sold their work through supportive comic book stores. This practice came to light when three managers of such shops were arrested for having a lolicon dōjinshi for sale. Over the last decade, the practice of creating dōjinshi has expanded significantly, attracting thousands of creators and fans alike. Advances in personal publishing technology have also fueled this expansion by making it easier for dōjinshi creators to write, draw, promote, publish, and distribute their works. For example, some dōjinshi are now published on digital media. Furthermore, many dōjinshi creators are moving to online download and print-on-demand services, while others are beginning to distribute their works through American channels such as anime shop websites and specialized online direct distribution sites. In 2008, a white paper on the otaku industry was published, this estimated that gross revenue from sales of dōjinshi in 2007 were 27.73 billion yen, or 14.9% of total otaku expenditure on their hobby.〔http://www.inside-games.jp/news/258/25855.html〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dōjinshi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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