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Dmanisi
Dmanisi ((グルジア語:დმანისი), (アゼルバイジャン語:Başkeçid)) is a townlet and archaeological site in the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia approximately 93 km southwest of the nation’s capital Tbilisi in the river valley of Mashavera. The hominin site is the earliest of its kind outside of Africa, dating back to 1.81 Ma.〔Garcia, T., Féraud, G., Falguères, C., de Lumley, H., Perrenoud, C., & Lordkipanidze, D. (2010). “Earliest human remains in Eurasia: New 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Dmanisi hominid-bearing levels, Georgia”. Quaternary Geochronology, 5(4), 443–451. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2009.09.012〕〔Gabunia, Leo; Vekua, Abesalom; Lordkipanidze, David et al. "(Earliest Pleistocene Hominid Cranial Remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: Taxonomy, Geological Setting, and Age )". ''Science'' 12 May 2000: Vol. 288 no. 5468 pp. 1019–1025. DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5468.1019.〕
A Dmanisi human skull from Georgia implies all early ''Homo'' species were one.〔(New Fossil May Trim Branches of Human Evolution ), Science Friday, Oct 18, 2013.〕 Also known as Skull 5, the Dmanisi human skull is the fifth skull to be discovered in Dmanisi.
== History ==
The town of Dmanisi is first mentioned in the 9th century as a possession of the Arab emirate of Tbilisi, though the area had been settled since the Early Bronze Age. An Orthodox Christian cathedral – “Dmansis Sioni” – was built there in the 6th century. Located on the confluence of trading routes and cultural influences, Dmanisi was of particular importance, growing into a major commercial center of medieval Georgia. The town was conquered by the Seljuk Turks in the 1080s, but was later liberated by the Georgian kings David the Builder and Demetrios I between 1123 and 1125. The Turco-Mongol armies under Timur laid waste to the town in the 14th century. Sacked again by the Turkomans in 1486, Dmanisi never recovered and declined to a scarcely inhabited village by the 18th century. The castle was controlled by the House of Orbeliani.
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