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Delegitimisation (also spelled delegitimation) is literally the withdrawal of legitimacy, usually from some institution such as a state, cultural practice, etc. which may have acquired it explicitly or implicitly, by statute or accepted practice. A sociopsychological〔(The Oxford Handbook of Intergroup Conflict ) edited by Linda Tropp, p. 29〕 process which undermines or marginalises an entity by presenting facts and/or value judgments which are construed to withdraw legitimacy is generally observed.〔Clabaugh, Gary ''et al.'' (2007). 〕 A necessary process for the advancement of human culture, it can in some cases be a self-justifying mechanism,〔Volpato, Chiara ''et al.'' ( "Picturing the Other: Targets of Delegitimization across Time" ), ''International Journal of Conflict and Violence'' (Germany). Vol. 4, No. 2 (2010), p. 273, citing Daniel Bar-Tal. (1990). "Causes and Consequences of Delegitimization: Models of Conflict and Ethnocentrism," ''Journal of Social Issues,'' Vol. 46, pp. 65-89; retrieved 2011-09-19.〕 with the ultimate goal of justifying harm of an outgroup.〔 The concept applies to a wide spectrum of social contexts ranging from disputes about political entities to chronic illnesses.〔Arthur Kleinman, "The Social Course of Chronic Illness" in ''(Chronic Illness: From Experience to Policy )'' edited by S. Kay Toombs, David Barnard, Ronald Alan Carson, p. 181〕 ==Definition, function and mechanisms== Delegitimization is the process of constructing a "categorization of groups into extreme social categories which are ultimately excluded from society".〔Volpato, p. 272; retrieved 2011-09-19.〕 Delegitimization provides "the moral and the discursive basis to harm the delegitimized group, even in the most inhumane ways".〔(The Oxford Handbook of Intergroup Conflict ) edited by Linda Tropp, p. 31〕 Daniel Bar-Tal identified five rhetorical strategies by which delegitimization occurs: dehumanization (e.g. "uncivilized savages"), trait characterization ("idiots", "parasites"), outcasting ("murderers", "terrorists"), use of political labels ("Nazis", "imperialists"), and delegitimization by group comparison (e.g. with the Huns).〔 Volpato et al. found eight delegitimizing strategies,〔Volpato, (abstract); retrieved 2011-09-18.〕 including trait characterisation, political labels, group comparison, segregation, outcasting and using a delegitimized group to stigmatize another group. For example, images of derogated target groups were published in the Italian Fascist magazine ''La Difesa della Razza'' in the 1930s.〔Volpato, p. 275; retrieved 2011-09-19.〕 A process affecting actual beliefs rather than mere rhetoric is presumed to be at work however. An early controlled study published in 1960 showed that "serious and violent conflict can change previously held positive views of the other group" as in the case of the 1959 border disputes between India and China, eventually leading to the 1962 Sino-Indian War. "Before the dispute, Indian students considered the Chinese to be artistic, religious, industrious, friendly, progressive, and honest. But, as the conflict developed, the Chinese were stereotyped by the same Indian students also as aggressive, cheating, selfish, war-mongering, cruel and shrewd."〔(The Oxford Handbook of Intergroup Conflict ) edited by Linda Tropp, p. 35〕 Bar-Tal found that the process mostly occurs in the cases of intractable conflicts and ethnocentrism.〔(Delegitimization ) entry in ''The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology'' edited by Daniel J. Christie.〕 According to Bar-Tal, in these contexts delegitimization is part of an unholy trinity together with beliefs in justness of own goals and collective self-victimhood.〔(The Oxford Handbook of Intergroup Conflict ) edited by Linda Tropp, p. 37〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Delegitimisation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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