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Chu Ci
The ''Chu Ci'' (), variously translated as ''Verses of Chu'' or ''Songs of Chu'', is an anthology of Chinese poetry traditionally attributed mainly to Qu Yuan and Song Yu from the Warring States period (ended 221 BC), though about half of the poems seem to have been composed several centuries later, during the Han dynasty.〔Hawkes, David. Ch'u Tz'u: ''Songs of the South, an Ancient Chinese Anthology''. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959), 28.〕 The traditional version of the ''Chu Ci'' contains 17 major sections, anthologized with its current contents by Wang Yi, a 2nd-century AD librarian who served under Emperor Shun of Han.〔 The early (pre-Qin dynasty) Classical Chinese poetry is mainly known through the two anthologies, the ''Chu Ci'' and the ''Shi Jing'' (''Classic of Poetry'' or ''Book of Songs'').〔“Sao Poetry,” Fusheng Wu pp. 36-58. In Zong-Qi Cai, ed., How to Read Chinese Poetry: A Guided Anthology. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-231-13940-3).〕
==Background==
''Chu Ci'' was named after a form of poetry that originated in the State of Chu, which was located in what is now central China, but was then in the southern fringe of the Chinese cultural area. The territory of Chu was known for its blend of culture from the Chinese heartland, or "north", with other cultural influences, associated with the "south". Thus, in the north of China, Chu (or, "the south") had a reputation for various exotic features, and the ''Chu Ci'' verses characteristically strongly feature the presence of the exotic. A Chinese form of shamanism was prominent in Chu, and a large number of the ''Chu Ci'' verses describe "spirit journeys".〔Hawkes (1959), 19〕 Other references to the exotic include encounters with various magical or fragrant plants and interaction with various spirits and deities, and travel to various exotic locations, such as the heavens, the ends of the earth, Bactria, and the Mount Kunlun of mythology.
The collection of poems by Qu Yuan and Song Yu included in ''Chu Ci'', as well as works by other Chu poets (or poets writing in the Chu style), represent a certain development of an older tradition which eventually achieved a period of popularity and imperial favor during the Western Han Dynasty. The ''Book of Han'' noted 106 Chu poets with 1,318 compositions. Many established Han poets also wrote in the ''chu ci'' style, producing their fair share of notable poems: the term ''Chu Ci'' can generically refer to the type of verse in this formal style of this type of verse. Other ''chu ci'' style verses were written, including some which survive, but are not generally included in the standard anthology. Wang Yi made an extensive commentary on the ''Chu Ci'', as well as appending his own "Nine Longings", as the seventeenth and final section.〔Hawkes (1985 ()), 30〕
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