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Cecidomyiidae (sometimes spelled Cecidomyidae〔(University of California, Riverside )〕) is a family of flies (order Diptera) known as gall midges or gall gnats. As the name implies, the larvae of most gall midges feed within plant tissue, creating abnormal plant growths called galls. Cecidomyiidae are very fragile small insects usually only 2–3 mm in length; many are less than 1 mm long. They are characterised by hairy wings, unusual in the order Diptera, and have long antennae. More than 6,000 species and 783 genera are found worldwide, but since 1,100 are from well-studied North America, this may be an underestimate. 〔Raymond J Gagné , 2004 ''A catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the world'' Entomological Society of Washington Issue 25〕 ==Description== For terms see Morphology of Diptera Cecidomiidae are minute to small (0.5mm.-3 mm), rarely larger (up to 8 mm., wing length 15 mm.) flies with a delicate appearance. Except for a few genera with reduced wings, the eyes are holoptic. The mouthparts are reduced. Cecidomiid antennae are notably long, with 12-14 segments, (sometimes fewer and up to 40 in some genera). The antennal segments either consist of a basal thickening and petiole or they are binodal, with a proximal node, an intermediate petiole and a distal node. Basal, medial, and apical whorls of hairs occur on the antennal segments. In some species whorls of loop-shaped sensory filaments are also found, the basal or medial one sometimes being reduced. Some gall flies have only one (basal) whorl of hairs on the antennal segments, and the sensoria (transparent sensory appendages) differ in size and shape. The filaments are thread-like in Porricondylinae and in all Cecidomyiinae and take the form of long loops in the supertribe Cecidomyiidi). Ocelli are present only in the Lestremiinae. The wings are usually clear, rarely patterned. The wing bears microtrichia, often as scales, and some species have macrotrichia. The number of longitudinal veins is reduced. Only veins R1, R4+5, M3+4 and Cu1 are well developed in most species. The medial veins M1 and M2 are developed only in primitive groups, and the costa usually has a break just beyond vein R5. The legs are long and slender, without apical bristles. File:Catochini wing veins.svg |Catochini wing veins File:Cecidomyiinae wing veins.svg |Cecidomyiinae wing veins File:Lasiopterini wing veins.svg |Lasiopterini wing veins File:Lestremiini wing veins.svg |Lestremiini wing veins File:Micromyini and Peromyiini wing veins.svg |Micromyini and Peromyiini wing veins File:Porricondylinae (most) wing veins.svg |Porricondylinae (most) wing veins File:Winnertziini wing veins.svg |Winnertziini wing veins The genitalia of males consist of gonocoxites,gonostyles, aedeagus, and tergites 9 and 10. Lower (in the evolutonary sense) gall flies often have sclerotized parameres and a more or less transparent plate (the tegmen ) located above theaedeagus-the tegmen.In higher gall flies the parameres and tegmen are not developed. In these,instead, close to the aedeagus, there is a triangular basal outgrowth of the gonocoxites. This is called the gonosterna. Supporting structures called apodema, are located near the base of the genitalia in males,these are often equipped with two outgrowths. The ovipositor is short, lamelliform, or long, mobile, and , in some species acicular. The larva is peripneustic. The head is tiny, cone-shaped,and has two posterolateral extensions. The mouthparts are reduced, with minute styliform mandibles. The relatively prominent antenna are two-segmented. lntegumental setae or papillae are important in taxonomy since they are constant in number within groups. The prothorax has sclerotized sternal spatula (most). The anus is terminal in Lestremiinae and paedogenetic Porricondylinae and ventral in other groups. The pupa is exarate (in a few species it is enclosed within the last instar larval integument. The anterior spiracle and anterior angle of antennal bases is prominent (most).〔Gagné, R. J. 1981. Cecidomyiidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. et al. (eds.), ''Manual of Nearctic Diptera''. Vol. 1. Research Branch, Agriculture, Canada, Ottawa. pp. 257-292. ( download here )〕 〔Mamaev, B.M. Family Cecidomyiidae in Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, 1988 ''Keys to the insects of the European Part of the USSR'' Volume 5 (Diptera) Part 2 English edition.Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cecidomyiidae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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