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Carmagnole
''La Carmagnole'' is the title of a French song created and made popular during the French Revolution, based on a tune and a wild dance that accompanied it of the same name that may have also been brought into France by the Piedmontese.〔 It originated as a song in August 1792 and was successively added to in 1830, 1848, 1863–64, and 1882-83. The authors are not known.〔Gilchrist J., and W.J. Murray: "The Press in the French Revolution". St. Martin's Press, 1971.〕 The title comes from the name of the short jacket worn by working-class militant ''sans-culottes''〔Jennifer Harris, "The Red Cap of Liberty: A Study of Dress Worn by French Revolutionary Partisans 1789-94" ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 14.3 (Spring 1981:283-312) p. 286〕 adopted from the Piedmontese peasant costume whose name derives from the town of Carmagnola.
This song is triumphantly sarcastic about the fates of the Queen of France, Marie Antoinette, and those who support the French monarchy.〔"'The Carmagnole.' Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. Exploring the French Revolution." George Mason University. 12 October 2007. http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/browse/songs/#〕
==History==
There are varied accounts of this song and where it was sung. It was mainly sung as a rallying cry or as entertainment among a group of pro-revolutionaries. It was also used as an insult to those who did not support the French Revolution. Popular punishment was to make them "sing and dance the Carmagnole", which could be done to marquises, dames, princes, monks, bishops, archbishops, cardinals and the like.〔Gilchrist J., and W.J. Murray: "The Press in the French Revolution" 312-323, St. Martin's Press, 1971〕 La Carmagnole has also been documented as a rallying cry in battle. At the battle of Jemappes on 6 November 1792 it is written that, "the sans-culottes in the army rushed the enemy singing "La Marseillaise" and "La Carmagnole." It was a great republican victory, and all of Belgium fell to the revolutionary armies." 〔Jordan, David P: "The King's Trial: The French Revolution vs. Louis XVI", 64, University of California Press, 1979.〕
When not sung during an actual battle, the Carmagnole was often sung after political or military victories. One such event occurred after the storming of the Tuileries Palace on the night of August 9–10, 1792. The radical people of Paris asserted their power by forcing the king to flee to the nearby National Assembly. After storming the palace and massacring the King's personal Swiss Guard, the mob of Paris was "drunk with blood, danced and sang the Carmagnole to celebrate the victory." 〔Padover, Saul:The Life and Death of Louis XVI, 277-278. Alvin Redman Limited, London, 1965. Yet the text would imply that it was written after the famous cannonade at the Battle of Valmy on September 20, 1792.〕 The song was also more generally associated with grassroots popular displays, such as festivals or the planting of liberty trees. It was common to include public singing at these symbolic events, and over the course of the Revolution "some 60,000 liberty trees were planted" 〔Jones, Colin: "The Great Nation: France From Louis XV to Napoleon, 1715-1799", 530. Penguin Press, London, 2002.〕 giving the people many opportunities to sing.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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