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Caenagnathidae
Caenagnathidae is a family of bird-like maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia. They are a member of the Oviraptorosauria, and close relatives of the Oviraptoridae.〔Osmólska, H., P. J. Currie, et al. (2004). Oviraptorosauria. The Dinosauria. D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson and H. Osmolska. Berkeley, University of California Press: 165-183.〕 Like other oviraptorosaurs, caenagnathids had specialized beaks,〔Currie, P. J., S. J. Godfrey, et al. (1993). "New caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30(10-11): 2255-2272.〕 long necks,〔Sues, H. D. (1997). "On Chirostenotes, a Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17(4): 698-716.〕 and short tails, and would have been covered in feathers. The relationships of caenagnathids were long a puzzle. The family was originally named by Charles Hazelius Sternberg in 1940 as a family of flightless birds. The discovery of skeletons of the related oviraptorids revealed that they were in fact non-avian theropods,〔Osmólska, H. (1976). "New light on the skull anatomy and systematic position of Oviraptor." Nature 262: 683-684.〕 and the discovery of more complete caenagnathid remains 〔 revealed that ''Chirostenotes pergracilis'', originally named on the basis of a pair of hands, and ''"Ornithomimus" elegans'', named from a foot, were caenagnathids as well.
==Anatomy==
Overall, the anatomy of the caenagnathids is similar to that of the closely related Oviraptoridae, but there are a number of differences. In particular, caenagnathid jaws exhibited a distinct suite of specializations not seen in other oviraptorosaurs. Compared to the oviraptorids, the jaws tended to be relatively long and shallow, suggesting that the bite was not as powerful. The inside of the lower jaws also bore a complex series of ridges and toothlike processes, as well as a pair of horizontal, shelf-like structures. Furthermore, the jaws were unusual in being hollow and air filled, apparently being connected to the air sac system.〔 Caenagnathids also tended to be more lightly built than the oviraptorids. They had slender arms and long, gracile legs,〔 although they lacked the extreme cursorial specializations seen in avimimids and ''Caudipteryx''.
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