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Blanqueamiento
Blanqueamiento, or whitening, is a social, political, and economic practice used in many post-colonial countries to "improve the race" (''mejorar la raza'')〔Rahier, J.M. “Body politics in black and white: Senoras, Mujeres, Blanqueamiento and Miss Esmeraldes 1997-1998, Ecuador.” Ecuador, Women & Performance: a journal of feminist theory 11.1 (1999): 103-120. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07407709908571317〕 towards a supposed ideal of whiteness. The term blanqueamiento is rooted in Latin America and is used more or less synonymous with racial whitening. However, blanqueamiento can be considered in both the symbolic and biological sense 〔Sawyer, M.Q., and T.S. Paschel. “‘We didn’t cross the color line, the color line crossed us’ Blackness and Immigration in the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and the United States.” Du Bois Review 4.2 (2007): 303-315. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=1917568&jid=DBR&volumeId=4&issueId=02&aid=1917560&bodyId=&membershipNumber=&societyETOCSession=〕 Symbolically, blanqueamiento represents an ideology that emerged from legacies of European Colonialism, described by Anibal Quijano’s theory of Coloniality of power, which caters to white dominance in social hierarchies 〔Montalvo, F. F., and G. E. Codina. "Skin Color and Latinos in the United States." Ethnicities 1.3 (2001): 321-41. Print.http://www.cedla.uva.nl/50_publications/pdf/revista/80RevistaEuropea/80Chaves&Zambrano-ISSN-0924-0608.pdf〕 Biologically, blanqueamiento is the process of whitening by marrying a lighter skinned individual in order to produce lighter-skinned offspring.〔
==Definition==
Peter Wade argues that blanqueamiento is a historical process that can be linked to nationalism. When thinking about nationalism the ideologies behind it stem from national identity which according to Peter Wade is “a construction of the past and the future”,〔Wade,Peter.(1993) Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Series in Atlantic History and Culture〕 where the past is understood as being more traditional and backwards. For example, past demographics of Puerto Rico were heavily black and Indian influenced because the country partook in the slave trade and was simultaneously home to many indigenous groups. Therefore, understanding blanqueamiento as it relates to modernization, modernization is then understood as a guidance in the direction away from black and indigenous roots. Modernization then happened as described by Wade as “the increasing integration of blacks and Indians into modern society, where they will mix in and eventually disappear, taking their primitive culture with them”.〔 This kind of implementation of blanqueamiento takes place in a societies that have historically always been led by ‘white’ people whose guidance would carry “the country away from its past, which began in indianness and slavery”〔 with the hopes of promoting the intermixing of bodies in order to have a predominantly white skinned society.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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