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Backchannel is the practice of using networked computers to maintain a real-time online conversation alongside the primary group activity or live spoken remarks. The term was coined in the field of linguistics to describe listeners' behaviours during verbal communication. The term "backchannel" generally refers to online conversation about the conference topic or speaker. Occasionally backchannel provides audience members a chance to fact-check the presentation. First growing in popularity at technology conferences, backchannel is increasingly a factor in education where WiFi connections and laptop computers allow participants to use ordinary chat like IRC〔McCarthy, Joseph F., and Danah Boyd. 2005. “Digital Backchannels in Shared Physical Spaces.” In CHI ’05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '05, 1641–1644. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. doi:10.1145/1056808.1056986. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1056808.1056986.〕〔Yardi, Sarita. 2006. “The Role of the Backchannel in Collaborative Learning Environments.” In Proceeding ICLS ’06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Learning Sciences, 852–858. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1150034.1150158.〕 or AIM to actively communicate during presentation. More recent research include works where the backchannel is brought publicly visible, such as the ClassCommons,〔Du, Honglu, Mary Beth Rosson, and John M. Carroll. 2012. “Augmenting Classroom Participation through Public Digital Backchannels.” In Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication - SIGDOC ’12, 127. doi:10.1145/2389176.2389201. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2379057.2379081.〕 backchan.nl〔Harry, Drew, Joshua Green, and Judith Donath. 2009. “Backchan.nl.” In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI 09, 1361–1370. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. doi:10.1145/1518701.1518907〕 and Fragmented Social Mirror.〔Bergstrom, Tony, Andrew Harris, and Karrie Karahalios. 2011. “Encouraging Initiative in the Classroom with Anonymous Feedback.” In Proceeding INTERACT’11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 627–642. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2042053.2042116.〕 Twitter is also widely used today by audiences to create backchannels during broadcasting of content or at conferences. For example, television drama,〔McPherson, K, K Huotari, Yo-Shang Cheng, David Humphrey, Coye Chesire, and Andrew Brooks. 2012. “Glitter: A Mixed-Methods Study of Twitter Use during Glee Broadcasts.” In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work Companion, 167–170. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2141569〕 other forms of entertainment 〔Highfield, Tim, Stephen Harrington, Axel Bruns, Creative Industries Precinct, Musk Ave, Creative Industries, and Kelvin Grove. 2013. “Twitter as a Technology for Audiencing and Fandom.” Information, Communication & Society (October) (January 3): 37–41. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2012.756053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.756053〕 and magazine programs.〔Hawthorne, J., J. B. Houston, and M. S. McKinney. 2013. “Live-Tweeting a Presidential Primary Debate: Exploring New Political Conversations.” Social Science Computer Review (May 30). doi:10.1177/0894439313490643. http://ssc.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0894439313490643.〕〔Larsson, Anders Olof. 2013. “Tweeting the Viewer—Use of Twitter in a Talk Show Context.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 57 (2) (April): 135–152. doi:10.1080/08838151.2013.787081. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08838151.2013.787081.〕 This practice is often also called live tweeting. Many conferences nowadays also have a hashtag that can be used by the participants to share notes and experiences; furthermore such hashtags can be user generated. ==History== Victor Yngve first used the phrase "back channel" in 1970 in a linguistic meaning, in the following passage: "In fact, both the person who has the turn and his partner are simultaneously engaged in both speaking and listening. This is because of the existence of what I call the back channel, over which the person who has the turn receives short messages such as 'yes' and 'uh-huh' without relinquishing the turn."〔Yngve, Victor. "On getting a word in edgewise," page 568. Papers from the Sixth Regional Meeting (the ) Chicago Linguistic Society, 1970.〕 Such systems were widely imagined and tested in late 1990s and early 2000s. These cases include researcher's installations on conferences〔Rekimoto, Jun, Yuji Ayatsuka, Hitoraka Uoi, and Toshifumi Arai. 1998. “Adding Another Communication Channel to Reality.” In CHI 98 Conference Summary on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’98, 271–272. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. doi:10.1145/286498.286752. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=286498.286752.〕 and classroom settings.〔Ratto, Matt, R. Benjamin Shapiro, Tan Minh Truong, and William G. Griswold. 2003. “The Activeclass Project: Experiments in Encouraging Classroom Participation.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning 2003, 477–486. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0195-2_57. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5387044〕 The first famous instance of backchannel communications influencing a talk occurred on March 26, 2002, at the PC Forum conference, when Qwest CEO Joe Nacchio famously lamented the difficulties of raising capital. Journalists Dan Gillmor and Doc Searls posted accounts, from the audience, in real-time, to their weblogs. Buzz Bruggeman, a reader of Gillmor's, emailed information about a recent sizable transaction that had made Nacchio very wealthy; both Gillmor and Searls updated their weblogs with that information. In her article referring to the "(Parallel Channel )," PC Forum host Esther Dyson wrote, "around that point, the audience turned hostile." Many commentators later attributed the audience's hostility to the information people shared while surfing and communicating on their laptops during Nacchio's remarks. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Backchannel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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