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In the Macedonian context “antiquization” (Macedonian: "антиквизација", "Antikvizatzija") is a term used mainly to critically describe the identity policies conducted by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), the leading party of the government of the Republic of Macedonia. “In the contemporary Macedonian discourse “antiquization” refers to the identitarian policies based on the assumption that there is a direct link between today’s ethnic Macedonians and Ancient Macedonians”.〔 Vangeli, Anastas (2011): Nation-building ancient Macedonian style: the origins and the effects of the so-called antiquization in Macedonia. In ''Nationalities Papers'' 39 (1), p. 13. 〕 The recent politics of history therefore not only embrace the recollection of the alleged ancient heritage of the Macedonians – i.e. the heritage of Philip II and his son Alexander the Great - but also seek to depict a coherent continuity of history from the ancient Kingdom of Macedon until the modern Republic of Macedonia, in order to reveal the uniqueness of the modern Macedonians and their country. This continuous and supposedly linear historiography includes the assertion that the modern ethnic Macedonians are direct descendants of the Ancient Macedonians. The expression “antiquization” originates from the history of arts and describes “the Renaissance practice of giving a city the appearance of ancient Rome or Athens through the introduction of structures organized in the classical mode”.〔Tzonis, Alexander; Lefaivre, Liane (1987): Das Klassische in der Architektur: die Poetik der Ordnung. Braunschweig (): Vieweg (Bauwelt-Fundamente Architekturtheorie, Baugeschichte, 72), p. 263.〕 While critics use the term “antiquization” in order to reveal “a state-framed set of actions such as direct interventions in the public space and in the public sphere of society in general",〔Vangeli, Anastas (2011): Nation-building ancient Macedonian style: the origins and the effects of the so-called antiquization in Macedonia. In ''Nationalities Papers'' 39 (1),p. 14. 〕 proponents of the government’s politics regard the term “antiquization” as an invention and neologism that is used as a part of anti-Macedonian propaganda. ==The narrative referred to as 'antiquization'== The narrative promoted by the VMRO-DPMNE goes back to the ancient Kingdom of Macedon, continues with personalities from early Christianity, distinguished historical figures who were born in or ruled in or around Skopje and also embraces a group of freedom fighters who struggled for Macedonian independence.〔Muhić, Maja; Takovski, Aleksandar (2014): Redefining National Identity in Macedonia. Analyzing Competing Origins Myths and Interpretations through Hegemonic Representations. In ''Etnološka tribina'' 44 (37), p 141.〕 In ancient times Philip II of Macedon was the first who united the Greek city-states and created the basis for the giant empire which, later on, was conquered by his son, Alexander III of Macedon, also known as Alexander the Great. Alexander’s empire is regarded as being important for the spread of Hellenistic culture, arts and sciences in considerable parts of Europe, Asia and northern Africa. There is scientific discussion about whether the Ancient Macedonians were Greeks and whether the Ancient Macedonian language was a form of the Greek language or related to it. In parts of the available literature they are described as a Greek tribe, in others the authors explain that the Ancient Macedonians were regarded as barbarians by the Greeks, who lived further south, and who were gradually Hellenized.〔Papavizas, G. C. (2010): FYROM: Searching for a Name, and Problems with the Expropriation of History. In ''Mediterranean Quarterly'' 21 (3), pp. 86–103.〕 However, there is little doubt about Philip II being the one who united most of the Greek states and Alexander the Great being a world-famous conqueror, perceived as a hero of this ancient period. In the narrative brought forward by the VMRO-DPMNE, Alexander the Great was clearly not a Greek. According to this version of history, most of the cultural achievements which are perceived as being from Greek origin by historians and laypersons around the world are actually Macedonian achievements. Therefore, in the view of some, Hellenism’s true name would actually be Macedonianism. Macedonia would thus be the owner of great cultural heritage, which always had been denied by the world. And now, as Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia Nikola Gruevski puts it, it can finally present its true history that has been silenced for so long. Macedonia, in this view is seen as the cradle of European civilization.〔Kubiena, Michael (2012): Skopje 2014-Musealizing the City, Re-inventing History? In ''The Western Balkans Policy Review'' 2 (1), p. 88.〕 In the modern Macedonian narrative, it is no contradiction that modern Macedonians speak the Macedonian language, a southern Slavic language. It is a considerable consensus in historical sciences that Slavic people immigrated into the Balkans and the region of Macedonia around the 6th century. From a modern Macedonian perspective, the Slavic people assimilated to the autochthonous population, who were direct descendants of the Ancient Macedonians, and intermingled with other local groups. For some reason Slavic languages remained dominant, but according to this historical narrative this cannot be understood as a clue for modern Macedonians being of Slavic descent. Rather, they are descendants from several local groups, one of which were the Ancient Macedonians. Similar conflicts or diverging perspectives on the true course of history emerged around heroic Slavic-speaking figures from the geographic region Macedonia who fought against the rule of the Ottoman Empire, like Dame Gruev and Gotse Delchev. But did these people fight for freedom and an independent Macedonian state? Or did they fight for independence from the Ottoman Empire in order to include this area into a Greater Bulgaria? Similarly to Greece, Bulgaria and other Balkan states see Macedonia presenting supposedly Macedonian heroes, which they actually claim to be Bulgarian or respectively Greek.〔Georgievski, Boris (2009): Ghosts of the Past Endanger Macedonia's Future: Balkan Insight. BalkanInsight. Available online at http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/ghosts-of-the-past-endanger-macedonia-s-future, checked on 3/12/2015.〕〔Kubiena, Michael (2012): Skopje 2014-Musealizing the City, Re-inventing History? In ''The Western Balkans Policy Review'' 2 (1), p. 78.〕 In the modern Macedonian narrative, these people evidently fought for an independent Macedonian state with a Macedonian nation and identity that is clearly distinctive to the Slavic Bulgarian identity. In this narrative there is little to no space for the impact of more than five hundred years of Ottoman rule in the region. And also the time under the rule of Yugoslavia is almost left out in VMRO-DPMNE’s modern narrative. In the Yugoslav era, the focus was on southern Slavic brotherhood and socialism, which would obscure the supposed non-Slavic background of the Macedonian nation. The whole way of the Macedonian nation and its history reaching far back into the past, the content of what critics call “antiquization”, can be seen in the city centre of Skopje at almost one sight. Almost 2500 years of glorious Macedonian history are portrayed due to Skopje 2014. For those who have unanswered questions, the new Museum of the Macedonian Struggle offers further explanation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Antiquization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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