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''The Anti-Jacobin, or, Weekly Examiner'' was an English newspaper founded by George Canning in 1797 and devoted to opposing the radicalism of the French Revolution. The Revolution polarized British political opinion in the 1790s, with conservatives outraged at killing of the king, the expulsion of the nobles, and the Reign of Terror. Britain went to war against Revolutionary France. Conservatives castigated every radical opinion in Britain as "Jacobin" (in reference to the leaders of the Terror), warning that radicalism threatened an upheaval of British society. The Anti-Jacobin sentiment was expressed in print.〔Gregory Fremont-Barnes, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (2006) vol 1 pp 41-42〕 William Gifford was its editor. Its first issue was published on 20 November 1797 and during the parliamentary session of 1797–98 it was issued every Monday.〔Wendy Hinde, ''George Canning'' (1973), p. 59.〕 The ''Anti-Jacobin'' was planned by Canning when he was Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He secured the collaboration of George Ellis, John Hookham Frere, William Gifford, and some others. William Gifford was appointed working editor. Canning founded it, in his words, "...to be full of sound reasoning, good principles, and good jokes and to set the mind of the people right upon every subject."〔Hinde, p. 58.〕 One of Canning's biographers described its purpose as to "...deride and refute the ideas of the Jacobins, present the government's point of view on the issues of the day and expose the misinformation and misinterpretation which filled the opposition newspapers."〔 In its first issue Canning said he and his friends: ...avow ourselves to be ''partial'' to the COUNTRY ''in which we live'', notwithstanding the daily panegyrics which we read and hear on the superior virtues and endowments of its rival and hostile neighbours. We are ''prejudiced'' in favour of ''her'' Establishments, civil and religious; though without claiming for either that ideal perfection, which modern philosophy professes to discover in the more luminous systems which are arising on all sides of us.〔Hinde, p. 60.〕 Canning set out his "most serious, vehement and effective onslaught in verse" on the values of the French Revolution in a long poem, ''New Morality'', published in the last issue of the ''Anti-Jacobin'' (No. 36, 9 July 1798). Canning considered these values as "French philanthropy" that professed a love of all mankind whilst eradicating every patriotic impulse. He described anyone in Britain who held these values as a "pedant prig" who "...disowns a Briton's part, And plucks the name of England from his heart...": To publicise the ''Anti-Jacobin'', Canning paid the cartoonist James Gillray to publish plates themed on the ''Anti-Jacobins principles, and some claim that twenty Gillray plates were the fruit of this arrangement.〔Hinde, p. 60. Draper Hill, ''Gillray'' (1965), p. 68.〕 William Pitt the Younger, the Prime Minister, also contributed to the newspaper.〔Hinde, p. 63.〕 The ''Anti-Jacobin'' estimated that its total readership was 50,000. They multiplied the regular weekly sale of 2,500 by seven (arriving at 17,500) because that was the average size of a family—and added 32,500 based on the claim that many readers lent their copies to their poorer neighbours.〔Hinde, p. 65.〕 ==History of composition== The ''Anti-Jacobin'' consisted of 36 issues printed from November 20, 1797 until July 9, 1798. These 36 issues amounted to only 288 pages; however, the ''Anti-Jacobin'' is considered one of the most influential and effective periodicals published for both literature and politics.〔Stones, p. xlvii.〕 There are two significant stylistic features of the ''Anti-Jacobin'' that contributes to these positive remarks: the mass amount of factual material and the straightforward, brief nature that the material was presented in.〔 The ''Anti-Jacobin'' is believed to have originated from George Canning's involvement in peace negotiations with France in 1797 when he was the undersecretary of state for foreign affairs.〔Hinde, p. 59.〕 The coup d'état caused these negotiations to end abruptly on September 4, 1797. This led Canning to revert his attention towards his home, England, where he decided to write a letter to George Ellis on October 19, 1797. This letter contained Canning’s proposal to write a periodical that was to include humour, good principles, and frank reasoning that would influence the public to side with the anti-Jacobins.〔 With the help of fellow Tory Parliament members John Hookham Frere (Canning’s school friend) and George Ellis, Canning was able to commission the publication of the Anti-Jacobin to Wright.〔Stones, p. lii.〕 The anti-Jacobins established their headquarters in a vacated, secret house nearby Wright where they would congregate every Sunday before each new issue was released.〔Hill, p. 62.〕 William Gifford, the editor of the periodical, had established his style by writing poems like the ''Baviad'' (1794) and ''Maeviad'' (1795), which satirized Robert Merry, a Jacobin writer, and the Della Cruscans〔John Strachan, "Poetry of the Anti-Jacobin," in Duncan Wu, ed. ''A Companion to Romanticism'' (1999) p. 193〕 Pitt, Jenkinson, Hammond, Baron Macdonald, and Marquis Wellesley were also contributors to the periodical. The ''Anti-Jacobin'' satirized many famous poets, scientists, philosophers, politicians, explorers, pedagogues, and demagogues.〔Stones, p. lvi.〕 “It was to its satire that it owed both its influence and its fame, and of this satire much was in verse, some of the most telling poems being from Canning’s pen,” (Marshall 179). These groups and individuals included: The French and their British allies, radicals, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Erasmus Darwin, Thomas Paine, William Godwin, and Mary Wollstonecraft.〔Curran, p. 56.〕 Styles of poetry that were commonly mocked in the Anti-Jacobin were Orientalism, Gothic, Darwinian didactic couplets, German Drama, and sentimentalism.〔Strachan, "Poetry of the Anti-Jacobin," in Duncan Wu, ed. ''A Companion to Romanticism'' (1999) p. 193〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anti-Jacobin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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