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|Section2= |Section6= |Section7= }} Amitraz (development code BTS27419) is a non-systemic acaricide and insecticide.〔Corta, E., Bakkali, A., Berrueta, L. A., Gallo, B., & Vicente, F. (1999). Kinetics and mechanism of amitraz hydrolysis in aqueous media by HPLC and GC-MS. Talanta, 48(1), 189-199〕 It was first synthesized by the Boots Co. in England in 1969.〔Harrison, I. R., et al. (1973). 1,3,5-Triazapenta-1, 4-dienes: Chemical aspects of a new group of pesticides. Pestic. Sci. 4: 901〕 Amitraz has been found to have an insect repellent effect, works as an insecticide and also as a pesticide synergist.〔PubChem Substance. Amitraz – Substance Summary. retrieved from http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=24868774#x332〕 Its effectiveness is traced back on alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, interaction with octopamine receptors of the central nervous system and inhibition of monoamine oxidases and prostaglandin synthesis.〔 Therefore, it leads to overexcitation and consequently paralysis and death in insects. Because amitraz is less harmful to mammals, amitraz is among many other purposes best known as insecticide against mite- or tick-infestation of dogs.〔 == Use == Amitraz is particularly effective against acarids,〔Brown, P. M. (1977). Toxicological problems associated with the manufacture of triazapentadienes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 70(1), 41-43〕 but it is used as a pesticide in many different fields. Therefore, amitraz is available in many different forms, such as a wettable powder, an emulsifiable concentrate, a soluble concentrate/liquid, and an impregnated collar (for dogs).〔Environmental Protection Agency. (1996). R.E.D. Facts – Amitraz. Prevention, Pesticides And Toxic Substances (7508W), November 1996 retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/0234fact.pdf〕 It is characterized as an insect repellent, insecticide, and pesticide synergist. These are the properties which make it especially useful as a pesticide:〔Bonsall, J. L., & Turnbull, G. J. (1983). Extrapolation from safety data to management of poisoning with reference to amitraz (a formamidine pesticide) and xylene. Human Toxicology〕 * The repellent effect causes insects to turn away from their target as this is treated with amitraz.〔 * It acts as an insecticide, which means that it can be used to control insects that are directly or indirectly harmful to man.〔 * As a pesticide synergist it also increases the effect of some other pesticides if they are combined with amitraz.〔 These can be traced back to the mechanisms of action, which lead to a wide field of effects, including direct lethality, excitant-repellant behavioral effects, and chemosterilization for the target species.〔 In addition, it generally causes low damage to nontarget species, which is one of the advantages of amitraz. Furthermore, amitraz is especially effective against insects such as spider mites and ticks in their juvenile and resistant forms.〔Hollingworth, R. M. (1976). Chemistry, biological activity, and uses of formamidine pesticides. Environmental Health Perspectives, 14(April), 57-69〕 For agricultural purposes amitraz is primarily used to control the pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyricola) on Oregon pear crops and whiteflies and mites on cotton or pear crops.〔 It's also applied to pome fruit, citrus fruit, cotton, stone fruit, bush fruit, strawberries, hops, cucurbits, aubergines, capsicums, tomatoes and ornamental plants to control all stages of tetranychid and eriophyid mites, pear suckers, scale insects, mealybugs, whiteflies, aphids and eggs and first instar larvae of lepidoptera.〔 To apply amitraz, various techniques can be used such as an airblast and concentrate spray to pears or by ground boom and aircraft to cotton.〔IPCS INCHEM. (1984). Pesticide residues in food – 1984. retrieved from http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v84pr03.htm〕 Territorial differences in amitraz use depend on the species of mites that infest the crops/trees/etc., the local practice, and the number and size of the pear trees. An infestation e.g. by Tetranychus spp requires higher rates of amitraz. Taking those factors into consideration the application volumes of amitraz have been standardized in terms of maximum spray concentration and in the rate of amitraz per hectare.〔 Besides its application as pesticide on plants, amitraz is also used as an animal ectoparasiticide on cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and dogs.〔 In these applications, it is exclusively applied externally.〔 It achieves special efficiency against mites (first of all Demodex canis), but it also works against lice, flies, and all development stages of ticks.〔〔Peter R., de Bruin C., Odendaal D., Thompson P.N. The use of a pour-on and spray dip containing Amitraz to control ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on cattle. J S Afr Vet Assoc, 2006, 77(2), 66-9〕〔Tarallo V.D., Lia R.P., Sasanelli M., Cafarchia C., Otranto D. Efficacy of Amitraz plus Metaflumizone for the treatment of canine demodicosis associated with Malassezia pachydermatis. Parasit Vectors, 2009, 2(1)〕 In combination with additional agents it can be used against flea-infestation as well.〔〔 For the treatment of dogs amitraz is available as a collar or as a spray- or wash-solution and has an immediate effect against tick infestation as well as a preventive effect. In some countries amitraz emulsions are also applied to treat Demodicosis of cats or dogs, an exceeding infestation of mites of the family Demodicidae.〔〔 For the treatment of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs amitraz is available as spray- or wash-solution, to treat or prevent infestations by mites, lice, flies and ticks. Thereby pigs and cattle should be sprayed and sheep and goats bathed.〔 Other animal species — horses or Chihuahuas, for example — should not be treated with amitraz because adverse effects may occur.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Amitraz」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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