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''Aleinu'' (Hebrew: , "it is our duty") or ''Aleinu leshabei'ach'' ("(is ) our duty to praise A folkloric tradition attributes this prayer to the biblical Joshua at the time of his conquest of Jericho.〔Nulman, Macy, ''Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer'' (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) p. 24; Freundel, Barry, ''Why We Pray What We Pray: The Remarkable History of Jewish Prayer'', (NY, Urim Publ'ns, 2010) pp. 205–206. Among the authorities supporting the attribution to Joshua was Rav Hai Gaon (died 1038), Eleazar of Worms (died 1230), Rabbi Nathan ben Rabbi Yehuda (13th century), and ''Kol Bo'' (publ. 16th century).〕 This might have been inspired by the fact that the first letters of the first four verses spell, in reverse, ''Hoshea'', which was the childhood name of Joshua (Numbers 13:16).〔Freundel, Barry, ''Why We Pray What We Pray: The Remarkable History of Jewish Prayer'', (NY, Urim Publ'ns, 2010) p. 206; Jacobson, B.S., ''The Weekday Siddur: An Exposition and Analysis of its Structure, Contents, Language and Ideas'' (2nd ed, Tel-Aviv, Sinai Publ'g) p. 309.〕 Another attribution is to the Men of the Great Assembly, during the period of the Second Temple.〔Nulman, Macy, ''Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer'' (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) p. 24; Freundel, Barry, ''Why We Pray What We Pray: The Remarkable History of Jewish Prayer'', (NY, Urim Publ'ns, 2010) p. 207. This attribution was supported by Manasseh ben Israel (died 1657).〕 An early—that is, pre-Christian—origin of the prayer is evidenced by its explicit mention of bowing and kneeling—practices associated with the Temple, and its non-mention of exile or a desire to restore Israel or the Temple.〔Freundel, Barry, ''Why We Pray What We Pray: The Remarkable History of Jewish Prayer'', (NY, Urim Publ'ns, 2010) p. 210; Hertz, Joseph H., ''The Authorized Daily Prayer Book with commentary, introductions and notes'' (rev. American ed. 1948, NY, Bloch Publ'g) p. 208; Reif, Stefan C., ''Judaism and Hebrew Prayer'' (1993, Cambridge University Press) pp. 208–209.〕 On the other hand, it has been argued that the phrase: "lirot meherah be-tiferet uzechah" (to speedily see your ''tiferet'' and ''oz'') is in fact a request for the speedy rebuilding of the Temple.〔 See www.hakirah.org/Vol%2011%20First.pdf〕 The allusion is based on Psalms 78:61 and 96:6. If so, at least the second paragraph of ''Aleinu'' was written after the destruction in 70 CE (perhaps around the time of Rav). Its first appearance is the manuscript of the Rosh Hashana liturgy by the Talmudic sage Rav (Rabbi Abba Arikha, died 247), who lived in Babylonia (Persia). He included it in the Rosh Hashana mussaf service as a prologue to the Kingship portion of the Amidah. For that reason some attribute to Rav the authorship, or at least the revising, of ''Aleinu''.〔Jacobson, B.S., ''The Weekday Siddur: An Exposition and Analysis of its Structure, Contents, Language and Ideas'' (2nd ed, Tel-Aviv, Sinai Publ'g) p. 307; Nulman, Macy, ''Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer'' (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) p. 24.〕 In Blois, France, in 1171, it is alleged that a number of Jews—reportedly 34 men and 17 women—were burned at the stake for refusing to renounce their faith. They are said to have gone to their deaths bravely singing ''Aleinu'' to a "soul-stirring" melody, which astonished their executioners. Some have suggested that this act of martyrdom inspired the adoption of ''Aleinu'' into the daily liturgy.〔Hertz, Joseph H., ''The Authorized Daily Prayer Book with Commentary, Introductions and Hotes'' (rev. American ed. 1948, NY, Bloch Publ'g) p. 209; Freundel, Barry, ''Why We Pray What We Pray: The Remarkable History of Jewish Prayer'', (NY, Urim Publ'ns, 2010) pp. 228–229 and 236; Jacobson, B.S., ''The Weekday Siddur: An Exposition and Analysis of its Structure, Contents, Language and Ideas'' (2nd ed, Tel-Aviv, Sinai Publ'g) p. 307; Nulman, Macy, ''Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer'' (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) p. 25; Reif, Stefan C., ''Judaism and Hebrew Prayer'' (1993, Cambridge University Press) p. 209.〕 But ''Aleinu'' is already found at the end of the daily shacharit in Mahzor Vitry in the early 12th century, well before 1171. ==Text== The following is the first half of the current Ashkenazi version of the prayer (there is also a second paragraph, which some traditions omit, though it is a standard part of the Ashkenazi orthodox liturgy). Translation by Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, from the Koren Sacks Siddur, Copyright 2009. The literal translation of line number 9 is "But we bend our knees and bow down and express thanks". The Sefardic/Mizrahi tradition shortens this line to ואנחנוּ משׁתּחום—''Va'anchnu mishtachavim''—"But we bow down". The quotation in lines 18–21 is Deuteronomy 4:39. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Aleinu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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