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shale
Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite. The ratio of clay to other minerals is variable.〔Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy (1996) ''Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic'', 2nd ed., Freeman, pp. 281–292 ISBN 0-7167-2438-3〕 Shale is characterized by breaks along thin laminae or parallel layering or bedding less than one centimeter in thickness, called fissility.〔 Mudstones, on the other hand, are similar in composition but do not show the fissility.
==Historical mining terminology==
Before the mid 19th century, the terms slate, shale and schist were not sharply distinguished.〔R. W. Raymond, Slate, (A Glossary of Mining and Metallurigical Terms ), American Institute of Mining Engineers, 1881; p. 78.〕 In the context of underground coal mining, shale was frequently referred to as slate well into the 20th century.〔Albert H. Fay, Slate, (A Glossary of the Mining and Mineral Industry ), United States Bureau of Mines, 1920; . 622.〕
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