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seppuku
, "stomach- or abdomen-cutting," is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment. Seppuku was originally reserved for samurai.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=What Is Seppuku? By Kallie Szczepanski )〕 Part of the samurai bushido honor code, seppuku was used either voluntarily by samurai to die with honor rather than fall into the hands of their enemies (and likely suffer torture) or as a form of capital punishment for samurai who had committed serious offenses, or performed because they had brought shame to themselves. The ceremonial disembowelment, which is usually part of a more elaborate ritual and performed in front of spectators, consists of plunging a short blade, traditionally a tantō, into the abdomen and drawing the blade from left to right, slicing open the abdomen.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Deadly Ritual of Seppuku )〕
==Etymology==
A Japanese form of ritual suicide, the term "seppuku" derives from the two Sino-Japanese roots ''setsu'' ("to cut", from Middle Chinese ''tset'') and ''puku'' ("belly", from MC ''pjuwk''). It is also known as harakiri (腹切り, "cutting the belly"),〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The Free Dictionary )〕 a term more widely familiar outside Japan, and which is written with the same kanji as ''seppuku'', but in reverse order with an okurigana. In Japanese, the more formal ''seppuku'', a Chinese ''on'yomi'' reading, is typically used in writing, while ''harakiri'', a native ''kun'yomi'' reading, is used in speech. Ross notes, "It is commonly pointed out that hara-kiri is a vulgarism, but this is a misunderstanding. Hara-kiri is a Japanese reading or ''Kun-yomi'' of the characters; as it became customary to prefer Chinese readings in official announcements, only the term seppuku was ever used in writing. So hara-kiri is a spoken term, but only to commoners and seppuku a written term, but spoken amongst higher classes for the same act."〔Ross, Christopher. ''Mishima's Sword'', p.68.〕
The practice of committing seppuku at the death of one's master, known as oibara (追腹 or 追い腹, the kun'yomi or Japanese reading) or tsuifuku (追腹, the on'yomi or Chinese reading), follows a similar ritual.
The word means "suicide" in Japanese. The usual modern word for suicide is . In some popular western texts, such as martial arts magazines, the term is associated with suicide of samurai wives. The term was introduced into English by Lafcadio Hearn in his ''Japan: An Attempt at Interpretation'', an understanding which has since been translated into Japanese. Joshua S. Mostow notes that Hearn misunderstood the term ''jigai'' to be the female equivalent of seppuku.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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