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Sandalwood is the name of a class of woods from trees in the genus ''Santalum''. The woods are heavy, yellow, and fine-grained, and unlike many other aromatic woods, they retain their fragrance for decades. Sandalwood oil is extracted from the woods for use. Both the wood and the oil produce a distinctive fragrance that has been highly valued for centuries. Consequently, species of this slow-growing trees have suffered over-harvesting in the past century.〔Asian Regional Workshop (1998). ''Santalum album''. 2006. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2007-02-08.〕 ==True sandalwoods== Sandalwoods are medium-sized hemiparasitic trees, and part of the same botanical family as European mistletoe. Notable members of this group are Indian sandalwood (''Santalum album'') and Australian sandalwood (''Santalum spicatum''); others in the genus also have fragrant wood. These are found in India, Nepal, Bangladesh,Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Australia, Indonesia, Hawaii, and other Pacific Islands. * ''S. album'' is a threatened species indigenous to South India, and grows in the Western Ghats and a few other mountain ranges such as the Kalrayan and Shevaroy Hills. Although sandalwood trees in India, Pakistan, and Nepal are government-owned and their harvest is controlled, many trees are illegally cut down. Sandalwood oil prices have risen to $2,000 per kg recently. Sandalwood from the Mysore region of Karnataka (formerly Mysore), and marayoor forest in Kerala, southern India, is high in quality. New plantations were created with international aid in Tamil Nadu for economic exploitation. In Kununurra in Western Australia, Indian sandalwood is grown on a large scale. * ''S. ellipticum'', ''S. freycinetianum'', and ''S. paniculatum'', the Hawaiian sandalwood (''iliahi''), were also used and considered high quality. These three species were exploited between 1790 and 1825 before the supply of trees ran out (a fourth species, ''S. haleakalae'', occurs only in subalpine areas and was never exported). Although ''S. freycinetianum'' and ''S. paniculatum'' are relatively common today, they have not regained their former abundance or size, and ''S. ellipticum'' remains rare.〔Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer (1990). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.〕〔Rock, J. F. (1913). The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu.〕 * ''S. spicatum'' is used by aromatherapists and perfumers. The concentration differs considerably from other ''Santalum'' species. In the 1840s, sandalwood was Western Australia’s biggest export earner. Oil was distilled for the first time in 1875, and by the turn of the 20th century, production of Australian sandalwood oil was intermittent. However, in the late 1990s, Western Australian sandalwood oil enjoyed a revival and by 2009 had peaked at more than per year – much of which went to the fragrance industries in Europe. Although overall production has decreased, by 2011 a significant percentage of its production was heading to the chewing tobacco industry in India alongside Indian sandalwood – the chewing tobacco market being the largest market for both oils in 2012. * Other species: Commercially, various other species, not belonging to ''Santalum'' species, are also used as sandalwood. ''Pterocarpus santalinus'', Telugu: రక్తచందనము (''raktachandanamu''), Malayalam രക്തചന്ദനം (''raktachandhanam''), Tamil சிவப்புச்சந்தனம் (''ciwappuchchandanam''), red sanders, or red sandalwood, is a species of ''Pterocarpus'' native to India. Various unrelated plants with similarly scented wood or oil include: *''Adenanthera pavonina'' - sandalwood tree, red or false red sandalwood *''Baphia nitida'' - camwood, also known as African sandalwood *''Eremophila mitchellii'' - sandalwood; false sandalwood (also sandalbox) *''Myoporum platycarpum'' - sandalwood; false sandalwood *''Myoporum sandwicense'' - bastard sandalwood, false sandalwood *''Osyris lanceolata'' - African sandalwood *''Osyris tenuifolia'' - east African sandalwood 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「sandalwood」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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