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romanticism
Romanticism (also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.
It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalisation of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,〔David Levin, ''History as Romantic Art: Bancroft, Prescott, and Parkman'' (1967)〕 education,〔Gerald Lee Gutek, ''A history of the Western educational experience'' (1987) ch. 12 on Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi〕 and the natural sciences.〔Ashton Nichols, "Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers: Poetry and Science from William Bartram to Charles Darwin," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 2005 149(3): 304–315〕 It had a significant and complex effect on politics, and while for much of the Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, its long-term effect on the growth of nationalism was perhaps more significant.
The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe—especially that experienced in confronting the new aesthetic categories of the sublimity and beauty of nature. It considered folk art and ancient custom to be noble statuses, but also valued spontaneity, as in the musical impromptu. In contrast to the rational and Classicist ideal models, Romanticism revived medievalism〔Perpinya, Núria. (Ruins, Nostalgia and Ugliness. Five Romantic perceptions of Middle Ages and a spoon of Game of Thrones and Avant-garde oddity ). Berlin: Logos Verlag. 2014〕 and elements of art and narrative perceived as authentically medieval in an attempt to escape population growth, early urban sprawl, and industrialism.
Although the movement was rooted in the German ''Sturm und Drang'' movement, which preferred intuition and emotion to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, the events and ideologies of the French Revolution were also proximate factors. Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of "heroic" individualists and artists, whose examples, it maintained, would raise the quality of society. It also promoted the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art. There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a ''Zeitgeist'', in the representation of its ideas. In the second half of the 19th century, Realism was offered as a polar opposite to Romanticism.〔"'A remarkable thing,' continued Bazarov, 'these funny old romantics! They work up their nervous system into a state of agitation, then, of course, their equilibrium is upset.'" (Ivan Turgenev, ''Fathers and Sons'', chap. 4 ())〕 The decline of Romanticism during this time was associated with multiple processes, including social and political changes and the spread of nationalism.
==Defining Romanticism==
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