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Horseradish (''Armoracia rusticana'', syn. ''Cochlearia armoracia'') is a perennial plant of the Brassicaceae family (which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, and cabbage). The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia. It is now popular around the world. It grows up to tall, and is cultivated primarily for its large, white, tapered root.〔(Flora of North America, ''Armoracia rusticana'' P. Gaertner, B. Meyer & Scherbius, Oekon. Fl. Wetterau. 2: 426. 1800 )〕〔(Flora of China, 辣根 la gen ''Armoracia rusticana'' P. Gaertner et al. )〕〔(Altervista Flora Italiana, Rafano rusticano, Meerrettich, ''Armoracia rusticana'' P. Gaertn. , B. Mey. & Scherb. ) includes photos and European distribution map〕〔(Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map )〕 The intact horseradish root has hardly any aroma. When cut or grated, however, enzymes from the now-broken plant cells break down sinigrin (a glucosinolate) to produce allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil), which irritates the mucous membranes of the sinuses and eyes. Grated mash should be used immediately or preserved in vinegar for best flavor. Once exposed to air or heat it will begin to lose its pungency, darken in color, and become unpleasantly bitter tasting over time. == History == Horseradish is probably indigenous to temperate Eastern Europe, where its Slavic name ''chren'' seemed to Augustin Pyramus de Candolle more primitive than any Western synonym. Horseradish has been cultivated since antiquity.〔J.W.Courter and A.M. Rhodes, "Historical notes on horseradish" ''Economic Botany'' 12.2 April=May1969pp156ff〕 According to Greek mythology, the Delphic Oracle told Apollo that the horseradish was worth its weight in gold. Horseradish was known in Egypt in 1500 BC. Dioscorides listed horseradish equally as ''Persicon sinapi'' (''Diosc.'' 2.186) or ''Sinapi persicum'' (''Diosc.'' 2.168),〔Early Modern translators of Dioscurides offered various names.〕 which Pliny's Natural History reported as ''Persicon napy'';〔(Pliny on Thlaspi or Persicon napy ''H.N.'' i. 37.113 ).〕 Cato discusses the plant in his treatises on agriculture, and a mural in Pompeii shows the plant. Horseradish is probably the plant mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his ''Natural History'' under the name of ''Amoracia'', and recommended by him for its medicinal qualities, and possibly the Wild Radish, or ''raphanos agrios'' of the Greeks. The early Renaissance herbalists Pietro Andrea Mattioli and John Gerard showed it under ''Raphanus''. Though its modern Linnaean genus ''Armoracia'' was first applied to it by Heinrich Bernhard Ruppius, in his ''Flora Jenensis'', 1745, Linnaeus called it ''Coclearia armoracia''. Both root and leaves were used as a medicine during the Middle Ages and the root was used as a condiment on meats in Germany, Scandinavia, and Britain. It was introduced to North America during European colonialization; both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson mention horseradish in garden accounts.〔Ann Leighton, ''American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century: 'For Use or Delight' '', 1976, p.431.〕 William Turner mentions horseradish as ''Red Cole'' in his "Herbal" (1551–1568), but not as a condiment. In ''The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes'' (1597), John Gerard describes it under the name of ''raphanus rusticanus'', stating that it occurs wild in several parts of England. After referring to its medicinal uses, he says: The word ''horseradish'' is attested in English from the 1590s. It combines the word ''horse'' (formerly used in a figurative sense to mean strong or coarse) and the word ''radish''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「horseradish」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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