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Homeschooling, also known as home education, is the education of children inside the home, as opposed to in the formal settings of a public or private school. Home education is usually conducted by a parent or tutor.〔 "Homeschool." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, 2015. Web. 3 June 2015. 〕 Many families that start out with a formal school structure at home often switch to less formal and, often, more effective ways of imparting education outside of school.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Informal learning, home education and homeschooling (home schooling) )〕 "Homeschooling" is the term commonly used in North America, whereas "home education" is more commonly used in the United Kingdom,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Official UK Government Page on Home Education )〕 elsewhere in Europe, and in many Commonwealth countries. Prior to the introduction of compulsory school attendance laws, most childhood education was imparted by the family or community.〔A. Distefano, K. E. Rudestam, R. J. Silverman (2005) (Encyclopedia of Distributed Learning ) (p221) ISBN 0-7619-2451-5〕 In several countries homeschooling in the modern sense is considered to be an alternative to attending public or private schools, and is a legal option for parents. In other countries homeschooling is considered illegal or restricted to specific conditions, as noted in the Homeschooling international status and statistics. According to the US National Household Education Surveys, about three percent of all children in the US were homeschooled in the 2011 and 2012 school year. The studies found that of these children, 83 percent were White, 5 percent were Black, 7 percent were Hispanic, and 2 percent were Asian or Pacific Islander.〔 "Homeschooling." U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences National Center for Education Statistics. Web. 3 June 2015. 〕 Parents cite two main motivations for homeschooling their children: dissatisfaction with the local schools and the interest in increased involvement with their children's learning and development. Parents' dissatisfaction with available schools includes concerns about the school environment, the quality of academic instruction, the curriculum, and bullying as well as lack of faith in the school's ability to cater to their child's special needs. Some parents homeschool in order to have greater control over what and how their children are taught, to better cater for children's individual aptitudes and abilities adequately, to provide a specific religious or moral instruction, and to take advantage of the efficiency of one-to-one instruction, which allows the child to spend more time on childhood activities, socializing, and non-academic learning. Many parents are also influenced by alternative educational philosophies espoused by the likes of Susan Sutherland Isaacs, Charlotte Mason, John Holt, and Sir Kenneth Robinson, among others. Homeschooling may also be a factor in the choice of parenting style. Homeschooling can be an option for families living in isolated rural locations, for those temporarily abroad, and for those who travel frequently. Many young athletes, actors, and musicians are taught at home to better accommodate their training and practice schedules. Homeschooling can be about mentorship and apprenticeship, in which a tutor or teacher is with the child for many years and gets to know the child very well. Recently, homeschooling has increased in popularity in the United States, and the percentage of children ages 5 through 17 who are homeschooled increased from 1.7% in 1999 to 2.9% in 2007.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Number and percentage of homeschooled students ages 5 through 17 with a grade equivalent of kindergarten through 12th grade, by selected child, parent, and household characteristics: 1999, 2003, and 2007 )〕 Homeschooling can be used as a form of supplemental education and as a way of helping children learn under specific circumstances. The term may also refer to instruction in the home under the supervision of correspondence schools or umbrella schools. In some places, an approved curriculum is legally required if children are homeschooled. A curriculum-free philosophy of homeschooling is sometimes called ''unschooling'', a term coined in 1977 by American educator and author John Holt in his magazine, ''Growing Without Schooling''. The term emphasizes the more spontaneous, less structured learning environment where a child's interests drive their pursuit of knowledge. In some cases, a liberal arts education is provided using the trivium and quadrivium as the main models. ==History== For much of history and in many cultures, enlisting professional teachers (whether as tutors or in a formal academic setting) was an option available only to the elite social classes. Thus, until relatively recently, the vast majority of people, especially during early childhood, were educated by family members, family friends, or anyone with useful knowledge.〔 The earliest public schools in modern Western culture were established in the early 16th century in the German states of Gotha and Thuringia.〔(Education: Free and Compulsory – Mises Institute )〕 However, even in the 18th century, the majority of people in Europe lacked formal schooling, meaning they were homeschooled, tutored, or received no education at all.〔"Education" Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., vol. 8, p. 959.〕 Regional differences in schooling existed in colonial America; in the south, farms and plantations were so widely dispersed that community schools such as those in the more compact settlements were impossible. In the middle colonies, the educational situation varied when comparing New York with New England 〔(How they were schooled )〕 until the 1850s.〔(History of Alternative Education in the United States )〕 Formal schooling in a classroom setting has been the most common means of schooling throughout the world, especially in developed countries, since the early- and mid-19th century. Native Americans, who traditionally used homeschooling and apprenticeship, vigorously resisted compulsory education in the United States.〔(Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice, 2008 BYU Law Review 377, 386 n.30 )〕 In the 1960s, Rousas John Rushdoony began to advocate homeschooling, which he saw as a way to combat the intentionally secular nature of the public school system in the United States. He vigorously attacked progressive school reformers such as Horace Mann and John Dewey, and argued for the dismantling of the state's influence in education in three works: ''Intellectual Schizophrenia'', a general and concise study of education, ''The Messianic Character of American Education'', a history and castigation of public education in the U.S., and ''The Philosophy of the Christian Curriculum'', a parent-oriented pedagogical statement. Rushdoony was frequently called as an expert witness by the Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA) in court cases. During this time, American educational professionals Raymond and Dorothy Moore began to research the academic validity of the rapidly growing Early Childhood Education movement. This research included independent studies by other researchers and a review of over 8,000 studies bearing on early childhood education and the physical and mental development of children. They asserted that formal schooling before ages 8–12 not only lacked the anticipated effectiveness, but also harmed children. The Moores published their view that formal schooling was damaging young children academically, socially, mentally, and even physiologically. The Moores presented evidence that childhood problems such as juvenile delinquency, nearsightedness, increased enrollment of students in special education classes and behavioral problems were the result of increasingly earlier enrollment of students.〔Better Late Than Early, Raymond S. Moore, Dorothy N. Moore, 1975〕 The Moores cited studies demonstrating that orphans who were given surrogate mothers were measurably more intelligent, with superior long-term effects – even though the mothers were "mentally retarded teenagers" – and that illiterate tribal mothers in Africa produced children who were socially and emotionally more advanced than typical western children, "by western standards of measurement".〔 Their primary assertion was that the bonds and emotional development made at home with parents during these years produced critical long-term results that were cut short by enrollment in schools, and could neither be replaced nor corrected in an institutional setting afterward.〔 Recognizing a necessity for early out-of-home care for some children, particularly special needs and impoverished children and children from exceptionally inferior homes, they maintained that the vast majority of children were far better situated at home, even with mediocre parents, than with the most gifted and motivated teachers in a school setting. They described the difference as follows: "This is like saying, if you can help a child by taking him off the cold street and housing him in a warm tent, then warm tents should be provided for ''all'' children – when obviously most children already have even more secure housing."〔 Like Holt, the Moores embraced homeschooling after the publication of their first work, ''Better Late Than Early'', in 1975, and went on to become important homeschool advocates and consultants with the publication of books such as ''Home Grown Kids'', 1981, ''Homeschool Burnout'' and others. Simultaneously, other authors published books questioning the premises and efficacy of compulsory schooling, including ''Deschooling Society'' by Ivan Illich, 1970 and ''No More Public School'' by Harold Bennet, 1972. In 1976, Holt published ''Instead of Education; Ways to Help People Do Things Better''. In its conclusion, he called for a "Children's Underground Railroad" to help children escape compulsory schooling.〔Christine Field. ''(The Old Schoolhouse Meets Up with Patrick Farenga About the Legacy of John Holt )'' 〕 In response, Holt was contacted by families from around the U.S. to tell him that they were educating their children at home. In 1977, after corresponding with a number of these families, Holt began producing ''Growing Without Schooling'', a newsletter dedicated to home education.〔() 〕 In 1980, Holt said, "I want to make it clear that I don't see homeschooling as some kind of answer to badness of schools. I think that the home is the proper base for the exploration of the world which we call learning or education. Home would be the best base no matter how good the schools were."〔(A Conversation with John Holt (1980) )〕 Holt later wrote a book about homeschooling, ''Teach Your Own'', in 1981. One common theme in the homeschool philosophies of both Holt and that of the Moores is that home education should not attempt to bring the school construct into the home, or be seen as a view of education as an academic preliminary to life. They viewed home education as a natural, experiential aspect of life that occurs as the members of the family are involved with one another in daily living. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「homeschooling」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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