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A duel is an arranged engagement in combat between two individuals, with matched weapons in accordance with agreed-upon rules. Duels in this form were chiefly practiced in early modern Europe, with precedents in the medieval code of chivalry, and continued into the modern period (19th to early 20th centuries) especially among military officers. During the 17th and 18th centuries (and earlier), duels were mostly fought with swords (the rapier, later the smallsword), but beginning in the late 18th century in England, duels were more commonly fought using pistols; fencing and pistol duels continued to co-exist throughout the 19th century. The duel was based on a code of honour. Duels were fought not so much to kill the opponent as to gain "satisfaction", that is, to restore one's honour by demonstrating a willingness to risk one's life for it, and as such the tradition of duelling was originally reserved for the male members of nobility; however, in the modern era it extended to those of the upper classes generally. On rare occasions, duels with pistols or swords were fought between women; these were sometimes known as ''petticoat duels''.〔Hopton, p.182〕〔Hopton, pp.173-174〕 Legislation against duelling goes back to the medieval period. The Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215) outlawed duels,〔IV Lateran c. 18, Peter R. Coss, ''The Moral World of the Law'', Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 78〕 and civil legislation in the Holy Roman Empire against duelling was passed in the wake of the Thirty Years' War.〔 From the early 17th century, duels became illegal in the countries where they were practiced. Dueling largely fell out of favor in England by the mid-19th century and in Continental Europe by the turn of the 20th century. Dueling declined in the Eastern United States in the 19th century and by the time the American Civil War broke out, dueling had begun an irreversible decline, even in the South.〔(The History of Dueling in America ) PBS.org, Accessed February 8, 2014〕 Public opinion, not legislation, caused the change.〔 ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「duel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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