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drug
A drug is, in the broadest of terms, a chemical substance that has known biological effects on humans or other animals.〔("Drug." ) ''Merriam Webster: Concise Encyclopedia''〕 Foods are generally excluded from this definition, in spite of their physiological effects on animal species.〔("Drug." ) ''Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)'', Random House, Inc., via dictionary.com. Retrieved on 20 September 2007.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Drug Definition )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Drug - Definition )〕
In pharmacology, a drug is "a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being."〔 Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders.〔("Drug." ) ''The American Heritage Science Dictionary'', Houghton Mifflin Company, via dictionary.com. Retrieved on 20 September 2007.〕 Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into groups of related drugs known as a drug class, which have similar chemical structures, the same mechanism of action (i.e., bind to the same biological target), a related mode of action, and/or are used to treat the same disease. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, assigns drugs a unique ATC code, which is an alphanumeric code that assigns it to specific drug classes within the ATC system.
Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that affect the function of the nervous system, altering perception, mood or consciousness. Alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine are the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs worldwide.〔http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181622/〕 Recreational drugs are drugs that are not used for medicinal purposes, but are instead used for pleasure.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Recreational+drug+use )〕 Common recreational drugs include alcohol, nicotine and caffeine, as well as other substances such as opiates and amphetamines. Some drugs can cause addiction and habituation and all drugs can cause side effects.〔("MHRA Side Effects of Medicines." ) ''MHRA Side Effects of Medicines'',〕 Many drugs are illegal for recreational purposes and international treaties such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs exist for the purpose of legally prohibiting certain substances.
== Etymology ==
In English, the noun "drug" is thought to originate from Old French "drogue", possibly deriving later into "droge-vate" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry barrels", referring to medicinal plants preserved in them. The transitive verb "to drug" (meaning intentionally administer a substance to someone, often without their knowledge) arose later and invokes the psychoactive rather than medicinal properties of a substance.〔Tupper, K.W. (2012). Psychoactive substances and the English language: "Drugs," discourses, and public policy. ''Contemporary Drug Problems'', ''39''(3), 461-492.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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