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corporatism
Corporatism, also known as corporativism,〔Waite, Duncan. In press. “Imperial Hubris: The Dark Heart of Leadership.” Journal of School Leadership; Waite, Duncan, Turan, Selhattin & Niño, Juan Manuel. (2013). “Schools for Capitalism, Corporativism, and Corruption: Examples from Turkey and the US.” In Ira Bogotch & Carolyn Shields (eds.), International Handbook of Social (In)Justice and Educational Leadership (pp. 619-642). Dordercht, The Netherlands: Springer; Waite, Duncan & Waite, Susan F. (2010). “Corporatism and its Corruption of Democracy and Education.” Journal of Education and Humanities, 1(2), 86-106〕 is the sociopolitical organization of a society by major interest groups, or corporate groups, such as agricultural, business, ethnic, labour, military, patronage, or scientific affiliations, on the basis of common interests. It is theoretically based on the interpretation of a community as an organic body.〔Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 27.〕 The term corporatism is based on the Latin root word "''corpus''" (plural – "''corpora''") meaning "body".〔Clarke, Paul A. B; Foweraker, Joe. ''Encyclopedia of democratic thought''. London, UK; New York, USA: Routledge, 2001. Pp. 113〕
In 1881, Pope Leo XIII commissioned theologians and social thinkers to study corporatism and provide a definition for it. In 1884 in Freiburg, the commission declared that corporatism was a "system of social organization that has at its base the grouping of men according to the community of their natural interests and social functions, and as true and proper organs of the state they direct and coordinate labor and capital in matters of common interest".〔
Corporatism is related to the sociological concept of structural functionalism.〔Adler, Franklin Hugh.''Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism: The Political Development of the Industrial Bourgeoisie, 1906–34''. Pp. 349〕 Corporate social interaction is common within kinship groups such as families, clans and ethnicities.〔Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 10.〕 In addition to humans, certain animal species like penguins exhibit strong corporate social organization.〔Murchison, Carl Allanmore; Allee, Warder Clyde. ''A handbook of social psychology, Volume 1''. 1967. Pp. 150.〕〔Conwy Lloyd Morgan, Conwy Lloyd. ''Animal Behaviour''. Bibliolife, LLC, 2009. Pp. 14.〕 Corporatist types of community and social interaction are common to many ideologies, including absolutism, capitalism, conservatism, fascism, liberalism, progressivism, reactionism.〔Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 31-38, 44, 111, 124, 140.〕
Corporatism may also refer to economic tripartism involving negotiations between business, labour, and state interest groups to establish economic policy.〔Hans Slomp. ''European politics into the twenty-first century: integration and division''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Praeger Publishers, 2000. Pp. 81〕 This is sometimes also referred to as neo-corporatism and is associated with social democracy.〔''Social Democratic Corporatism and Economic Growth'', by Hicks, Alexander. 1988. The Journal of Politics, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 677-704. 1988.〕
==Common types==
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