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The bourgeoisie (Eng.: ; (:buʁʒwazi)), is a polysemous French term because it can mean: * a sociologically defined class, especially in contemporary times, referring to people with a certain cultural and financial capital belonging to the middle or upper stratum of the middle class: the upper (''haute''), middle (''moyenne'') and petty (''petite'') bourgeoisie (which are designated "the Bourgeoisie"). An affluent and often opulent stratum of the middle class (capitalist class) who stood opposite the proletariat class; * a legally defined class of the Middle Ages to the end of the "Ancien Régime" (Old Regime) in France, that of inhabitants having the rights of citizenship and political rights in a city (comparable to the German term ''Bürgertum'' and ''Bürger''); * and, originally and generally, "those who live in the borough", that is to say, the people of the city (including merchants and craftsmen), as opposed to those of rural areas; in this sense, the bourgeoisie began to grow in Europe from the 11th-century and particularly during the Renaissance of the 12th-century, with the first developments of rural exodus and urbanization. The "bourgeoisie" in its original sense, is intimately linked to the existence of cities recognized as such by their urban charters (e.g. municipal charter, town privileges, German town law) so there was no bourgeoisie "outside the walls of the city" beyond which the people were "peasants" submitted to the stately courts and manorialism (except for the traveling "Fair bourgeoisie" living outside urban territories, who retained their city rights and domicile). In Marxist philosophy the bourgeoisie is the social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialization and whose societal concerns are the value of property and the preservation of capital, to ensure the perpetuation of their economic supremacy in society.〔(Bourgeois Society )〕 Joseph Schumpeter saw the creation of new bourgeoisie as the driving force behind the capitalist engine, particularly entrepreneurs who took risks to bring innovation to industries and the economy through the process of creative destruction.〔Joseph A. Schumpeter, ''Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy',' pages 83-84, 134〕 ==Etymology== The Modern French word ''bourgeois'' derived from the Old French ''burgeis'' (walled city), which derived from ''bourg'' (market town), from the Old Frankish ''burg'' (town); in other European languages, the etymologic derivations are the Middle English ''burgeis'', the Middle Dutch ''burgher'', the German ''Bürger'', the Modern English ''burgess'', and the Polish ''burżuazja'', which occasionally is synonymous with the intelligentsia.〔''The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology'' C.T. Onions, Editor (1995) p. 110.〕 In English, "bourgeoisie" (a French citizen-class) identified a social class oriented to economic materialism and hedonism, and to upholding the extreme political and economic interests of the capitalist ruling class.〔''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'' Second Edition (1996) p. 196.〕 In the 18th century, before the French Revolution (1789–99), in the French feudal order, the masculine and feminine terms ''bourgeois'' and ''bourgeoise'' identified the rich men and women who were members of the urban and rural Third Estate – the common people of the French realm, who violently deposed the absolute monarchy of the Bourbon King Louis XVI (r. 1774–91), his clergy, and his aristocrats. Hence, since the 19th century, the term "bourgeoisie" usually is politically and sociologically synonymous with the ruling upper class of a capitalist society.〔''Dictionary of Historical Terms'' Chris Cook, Editor (1983) p. 267.〕 Historically, the medieval French word ''bourgeois'' denoted the inhabitants of the ''bourgs'' (walled market-towns), the craftsmen, artisans, merchants, and others, who constituted "the bourgeoisie", they were the socio-economic class between the peasants and the landlords, between the workers and the owners of the means of production. As the economic managers of the (raw) materials, the goods, and the services, and thus the capital (money) produced by the feudal economy, the term "bourgeoisie" evolved to also denote the middle class – the businessmen and businesswomen who accumulated, administered, and controlled the capital that made possible the development of the bourgs into cities.〔"Bourgeoisie", ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Fifth Edition. (1994) p. 0000.〕 Contemporarily, the terms "bourgeoisie" and "bourgeois" (noun) identify the ruling class in capitalist societies, as a social stratum; while "bourgeois" (adjective / noun modifier) describes the ''Weltanschauung'' (worldview) of men and women whose way of thinking is socially and culturally determined by their economic materialism and philistinism, a social identity catalogued and described in ''drame bourgeois'' (bourgeois drama), which satirises buying the trappings of a noble-birth identity as the means climbing the social ladder.〔''Benét's Reader's Encyclopedia'' Third Edition (1987) p. 118, p. 759.〕〔Molière, ed. Warren 1899〕 (See: ''Le Bourgeois gentilhomme'', 1670.) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bourgeoisie」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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