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Cuckoo paper wasp
The name cuckoo paper wasp refers to a monophyletic species group of brood-parasitic paper wasps in the genus ''Polistes''. This species group contains only three species; ''Polistes atrimandibularis'', ''P. semenowi'', and ''P. sulcifer'',〔Carpenter, James M. "Phylogeny and Biogeography of ''Polistes''." Natural History and Evolution of Paper-wasps. Ed. Stefano Turillazzi and Mary Jane. West-Eberhard. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996. 18-57. Print.〕 all of them obligate social parasites on other ''Polistes'' species.
These three species, all occurring in Europe, were originally classified as the subgenus ''Sulcopolistes'' by Blüthgen in 1938, but such a group would render the subgenus ''Polistes'' paraphyletic, and is therefore no longer formally recognized.〔〔Choudary M, Strassmann JE, Queller DC, Turillazzi S, Cervo R. (1994). “Social parasites in polistine wasps are monophyletic: implications for sympatric speciation”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 257 (1348): 31–35. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1994.0090〕 Research using mitochondrial rRNA supports the view that these three species descended from a common ancestor, and suggests that they are more closely related to ''Polistes nimpha'' and ''Polistes dominula'' (the latter being host to all three cuckoos) than to ''Polistes gallicus'' or ''Polistes biglumis''.,〔Cervo, R. (2006). ''Polistes'' wasps and their social parasites: an overview. ''Ann. Zool. Fennici'', 43, 531-549.〕 thus constituting an example of Emery's rule.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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