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In English, Ruthenia is a geographical exonym for a cross-border region of Europe. It can refer to significantly different and even mutually exclusive areas, dependent on the historical period and subject. The word "Ruthenia" originated as a Latin rendering of the region and people known originally as "''Rus" – the same root word as Russia. In European manuscripts dating from the 13th century, "Ruthenia" was used to describe Rus': the wider area occupied by the Ancient Rus' (commonly referred to as Kievan Rus'). This historical territory corresponds to modern Ukraine and Belarus, as well as western Russia. However, the geographical implications of "Ruthenia" and "Russia" began to diverge in meaning as early as the 14th century. In modern usage, "Ruthenia" refers often to Red Ruthenia alone, or an even smaller region centred on ''Zakarpattia Oblast'' (the Transcarpathian administrative region) of south-western Ukraine. It is therefore strongly associated with areas inhabited by Rusyn minorities. Red Ruthenia also includes the former kingdom of Galicia (''Halychyna'' ((ウクライナ語:Галичина), Halychyna; Rusyn: Галичина; (ポーランド語:Galicja); (ロシア語:Галиция), Galitsiya; (スロバキア語:Halič)). == Late Middle Ages == By the 15th century two major states claimed their Rus' ancestry: the Muscovy and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Natives used different forms of the name Rus' for their country, and some of these forms also passed into Latin and English. By the 15th century the Moscow principality (or ''Muscovy'') established its sovereignty over a large portion of ancient Rus' territory including Novgorod, Pskov, and parts of Chernigov and Pereyaslavl principalities. From 1547 the Moscow principality adopted the title of Tsardom of Rus' (or ''Russia'') and claimed sovereignty over "all the Rus'". This laid the foundation of the modern Russian state. The Muscovy population was Eastern Orthodox and used the Greek transcription of Rus', being "''Rossia''", rather than the Latin "Ruthenia". In the 14th century the southern territories of ancient Rus', including principalities of Galicia–Volhynia, Kiev and others, became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which, in the 16th century, united with Catholic Poland to form the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to their usage of the Latin script rather than the Cyrillic script, they were usually denoted by the Latin ''Ruthenia''. Other spellings were also used in Latin, English and other languages during this period. These southern territories have corresponding names in Polish: * ''Ruś Halicko-Wołyńska'' — Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia * ''Ruś Halicka'' — Galicia * ''Ruś Biała'' — White Ruthenia, White Russia or Belarus * ''Ruś Czarna'' — Black Ruthenia, part of modern Belarus * ''Ruś Czerwona'' — Red Ruthenia, Galicia * ''Ruś Podkarpacka'' — Carpathian Ruthenia 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ruthenia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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