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Russian Dalian
As a portion of the Guandong Leased Territories (Guandong zhou), the city of Dalian came under the territorial control of Russia from 1898 until that country’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. The Russians called the city Dalniy (Russian: Дальний), which means “distant” or "remote", describing the city's location relative to the Russian heartland while also being a sort of transliteration of the Chinese ‘Dalian’. Under Russian control, Dalniy grew into a vibrant port city and before its loss in 1905 was one terminus of the Russian-controlled Chinese Eastern Railway.
==Background to Russian Dalniy==
The 1890s saw the intensification of rivalries among Qing China, Japan, and Russia – with the lesser interests of Great Britain, Germany, and the United States – over paramount influence in Manchuria. For Russia, the region of the Liaodong Peninsula ((ロシア語:Ляодунский полуостров)) was of particular interest as one of the few areas in the region that had the potential to develop ice-free ports.〔 Hess, Christian A. (2006). “From colonial jewel to socialist metropolis: Dalian, 1895--1955.” Ph.D. dissertation (University of California, San Diego), p. 17.〕
These rivalries came to their first armed conflict during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, which resulted in Japan’s resounding victory over the Qing Dynasty, a contest that involved a battle over the port of Lushun (later called Port Arthur) near what would become Dalian, or Dalniy. The engagements on the Liaodong peninsula between Japanese and Chinese troops confirmed to the Japanese the strategic importance of the region, and in particular the strategic positioning of the region around Dalian. Though Japan seized control over the peninsula and was awarded it in the subsequent Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), it was forced to retrocede it to Qing China following the diplomatic pressure of Russia, Germany, and France, the so-called Triple Intervention of 1895. This would contribute to the growing and bitter rivalry between Japan and Russia while also paving the way for the Russian seizure of the region three years later.
In 1897 Russia signed with Qing China a secret agreement for the establishment under Russian guidance of the Chinese Eastern Railway. On December 15, 1897, Russia, fearing that without decisive action it might lose its chance to seize the port of Dalian to another imperial power such as Germany, which earlier that year had taken control of Qingdao, had its fleet steam into Dalian harbor. Three months later Russia signed the Pavlov Agreement (1898) with China, which granted Russia a twenty-five year lease on Dalian and Lushun and exclusive right to lay a branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway to them - what would become the South Manchurian Railway.〔 Hess, p. 21.〕 At first the flags of both China and Russia were raised over the city, something that assuaged the anger of some local Chinese. Within a few weeks, however, the Chinese ensign was no longer flying.〔March, G. Patrick. ''Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific'' (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 1996), p. 168.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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