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(; Sanskrit: ) is a Rigvedic deity, associated with wind or storm,〔Basham (1989), p. 15.〕 and the hunt. The name has been translated as "the roarer".〔Majumdar (1951), p. 162.〕〔Zimmer (1972), p. 181〕〔Griffith (1973), p. 75, note 1.〕 In the Rigveda, Rudra has been praised as the "mightiest of the mighty". The ''Shri Rudram'' hymn from the Yajurveda is dedicated to Rudra, and is important in the Saivism sect.〔For an overview of the Śatarudriya see: Kramrisch, pp. 71-74.〕〔For a full translation of the complete hymn see: Sivaramamurti (1976)〕 The Hindu god Shiva shares several features with the Rudra: the theonym ''Shiva'' originated as an epithet of Rudra, the adjective ''shiva'' ("kind") being used euphemistically of Rudra, who also carries the epithet ''Aghora, Abhayankar'' (" non terrifying").〔 Usage of the epithet came to exceed the original theonym by the post-Vedic period (in the Sanskrit Epics), and the name ''Rudra'' has been taken as a synonym for the god Shiva and the two names are used interchangeably. ==Etymology== The etymology of the theonym ''Rudra'' is somewhat uncertain.〔Chakravarti, p. 4.〕 It is usually derived from the root ''rud-'' which means "to cry, howl."〔〔Kramrisch, p. 5.〕 According to this etymology, the name Rudra has been translated as "the roarer".〔Majumdar, p. 162.〕 An alternative etymology suggested by Prof. Pischel derives ''Rudra'' as "the red one, the brilliant one" from a lost root ''rud-'', "to be red"〔 or "to be ruddy" or respectively, according to Grassman, "to shine".〔 A Rigvedic verse "rukh draavayathi, iti rudraha" where 'rukh' means sorrow/misery, 'draavayathi' means to drive out or eliminate and 'iti' means that which or he who, implies 'Rudra' to be the eliminator of evil and usherer of peace. Stella Kramrisch notes a different etymology connected with the adjectival form ''raudra'', which means wild, i.e. of ''rudra'' nature, and translates the name ''Rudra'' as "the wild one" or "the fierce god".〔Citation to M. Mayrhofer, ''Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary'', ''s.v.'' "rudra", is provided in: Kramrisch, p. 5.〕 R. K. Sharma follows this alternate etymology and translates the name as "the terrible" in his glossary for the Shiva Sahasranama.〔Sharma, p. 301.〕 The commentator suggests six possible derivations for ''rudra''.〔Chakravarti, p. 5.〕 However, another reference states that Sayana suggested ten derivations.〔Sri Rudram and Purushasukram, by Swami Amiritananda, pp. 9-10, Sri Ramakrishna Math.〕 The adjective ''shivam'' in the sense of "propitious" or "kind" is applied to the name Rudra in RV 10.92.9.〔Kramrisch, p. 7. For the text of RV 10.92.9, see: Arya and Joshi, vol. 4, p. 432.〕 According to Gavin Flood, ''Shiva'' used as a name or title (Sanskrit ', "the kindly/auspicious one") occurs only in the late Vedic ''Katha Aranyaka'',〔Flood (2003), p. 73.〕 whereas Axel Michaels asserts that ''Rudra'' was called ''Shiva'' for the first time in the ''Śvetāśvatara Upanishad''.〔Michaels, p. 217.〕 Rudra is called "the archer" (Sanskrit: ')〔Apte, p. 910.〕 and the arrow is an essential attribute of Rudra.〔For archer and arrow associations, see: Kramrisch, chapter 2; for the arrow as an "essential attribute" of Rudra's, see: Kramrisch, p. 32.〕 This name appears in the Shiva Sahasranama, and R. K. Sharma notes that it is used as a name of Shiva often in later languages.〔Sharma, p. 306.〕 The word is derived from the Sanskrit root ''-'' which means "to injure" or "to kill"〔 and Sharma uses that general sense in his interpretive translation of the name as "One who can kill the forces of darkness".〔 The names ("bowman")〔Chidbhavananda, p. 33.〕 and ("archer", literally "Armed with arrows in his hands")〔〔For translation of as "Armed with arrows in his hands", see: Sharma, p. 294.〕 also refer to archery. In other contexts the word ''rudra'' can simply mean "the number eleven".〔Apte, p. 804.〕 The word "rudraksha" (Sanskrit: ' = ''rudra'' and ' "eye"), or "eye of Rudra", is used as a name both for the berry of the Rudraksha tree, and a name for a string of the prayer beads made from those seeds.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rudra」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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