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Purgatorio : ウィキペディア英語版
Purgatorio

''Purgatorio'' (; Italian for "Purgatory") is the second part of Dante's ''Divine Comedy'', following the ''Inferno'', and preceding the ''Paradiso''. The poem was written in the early 14th century. It is an allegory telling of the climb of Dante up the Mount of Purgatory, guided by the Roman poet Virgil, except for the last four cantos at which point Beatrice takes over as Dante's guide. In the poem, Purgatory is depicted as a mountain in the Southern Hemisphere, consisting of a bottom section (Ante-Purgatory), seven levels of suffering and spiritual growth (associated with the seven deadly sins), and finally the Earthly Paradise at the top. Allegorically, the poem represents the Christian life, and in describing the climb Dante discusses the nature of sin, examples of vice and virtue, as well as moral issues in politics and in the Church. The poem outlines a theory that all sin arises from love – either perverted love directed towards others' harm, or deficient love, or the disordered or excessive love of good things.
==Introduction==

Having survived the depths of Hell (described in the ''Inferno''), Dante and Virgil ascend to the Mountain of Purgatory on the far side of the world. The mountain is an island, the only land in the Southern Hemisphere. Dante describes Hell as existing underneath Jerusalem, created by the impact of Satan's fall. Mount Purgatory, on exactly the opposite side of the world, was created by a displacement of rock, caused by the same event.〔''Inferno'', Canto 34, lines 121-126, Mandelbuam translation "This was the side on which he fell from Heaven; / for fear of him, the land that once loomed here / made of the sea a veil and rose into / our hemisphere; and that land which appears / upon this side perhaps to flee from him / left here this hollow space and hurried upward."〕 Dante announces his intention to describe Purgatory by invoking the mythical Muses, as he did in Canto II of the ''Inferno'':

"And of that second kingdom will I sing
Wherein the human spirit doth purge itself,
And to ascend to heaven becometh worthy.
But let dead Poesy here rise again,
O holy Muses, since that I am yours,"〔''Purgatorio'', Canto I, lines 4–8, Longfellow translation.〕

Allegorically, the ''Purgatorio'' represents the penitent Christian life.〔Dorothy L. Sayers, ''Purgatory'', notes on Canto VII.〕 In a contrast to Charon's ferry across the Acheron in the ''Inferno'', Christian souls here arrive escorted by an angel, singing ''In exitu Israel de Aegypto''〔Psalm 114 (Psalm 113 in the Latin Vulgate): ("When Israel came out of Egypt" (NIV). )〕 (Canto II). In his ''Letter to Cangrande'', Dante explains that this reference to Israel leaving Egypt refers both to the redemption of Christ and to "the conversion of the soul from the sorrow and misery of sin to the state of grace."〔"The Letter to Can Grande," in ''Literary Criticism of Dante Alighieri'', translated and edited by Robert S. Haller (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1973), 99.〕 Appropriately, therefore, it is Easter Sunday when Dante and Virgil arrive.〔Robin Kirkpatrick, ''Purgatorio'', notes on Canto I: "Thus behind all the references that the canto makes to regeneration and rebirth there is the realization that all life and all redemption depends upon Christ's Resurrection from the dead."〕
The ''Purgatorio'' demonstrates the medieval knowledge of a spherical Earth.〔Richard H. Lansing and Teodolinda Barolini, ''(The Dante Encyclopedia )'', Taylor & Francis, 2000, ISBN 0-8153-1659-3, pp. 328–330 (EARTH, GLOBE).〕〔John Brian Harley and David Woodward, ''(The History of Cartography )'', Humana Press, ISBN 0-226-31633-5, p. 321.〕 During the poem, Dante discusses the different stars visible in the southern hemisphere, the altered position of the sun, and the various timezones of the Earth. At this stage it is, Dante says, sunset at Jerusalem, midnight on the River Ganges (with the constellation Libra overhead there), and dawn in Purgatory:

"By now the sun was crossing the horizon
of the meridian whose highest point
covers Jerusalem; and from the Ganges,
night, circling opposite the sun, was moving
together with the Scales that, when the length
of dark defeats the day, desert night's hands;
so that, above the shore that I had reached,
the fair Aurora's white and scarlet cheeks
were, as Aurora aged, becoming orange."〔''Purgatorio'', Canto II, lines 1–9, Mandelbaum translation.〕


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