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The Pharisees (/ˈfærəˌsiːz/) were at various times a political party, a social movement, and a school of thought in the Holy Land during the time of Second Temple Judaism. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Pharisaic beliefs became the foundational, liturgical and ritualistic basis for Rabbinic Judaism (the term 'Judaism' today almost always refers to Rabbinic Judaism). Conflicts between Pharisees and Sadducees took place in the context of much broader and longstanding social and religious conflicts among Jews, dating back to the time of slavery in Egypt and exacerbated by the Roman conquest.〔(Jewishvirtuallibrary.org )〕 Another conflict was cultural, between those who favored Hellenization (the Sadducees) and those who resisted it (the Pharisees). A third was juridico-religious, between those who emphasized the importance of the Second Temple with its rites and services, and those who emphasized the importance of other Mosaic Laws. A fourth point of conflict, specifically religious, involved different interpretations of the Torah and how to apply it to current Jewish life, with Sadducees recognizing only the Written Torah (with Greek philosophy) and rejecting doctrines such as the Oral Torah, the Prophets, the Writings, and the resurrection of the dead. Josephus (37 – c. 100 CE), himself a Pharisee, estimated the total Pharisee population prior to the fall of the Second Temple to be around 6,000.〔''Antiquities of the Jews'', 17.42〕 Josephus claimed that Pharisees received the full-support and goodwill of the common people, apparently in contrast to the more elite Sadducees, who were the upper class. Pharisees claimed Mosaic authority for their interpretation〔Ber. 48b; Shab. 14b; Yoma 80a; Yeb. 16a; Nazir 53a; Ḥul. 137b; et al.)〕 of Jewish Laws, while Sadducees represented the authority of the priestly privileges and prerogatives established since the days of Solomon, when Zadok, their ancestor, officiated as High Priest. The phrase "common people" in Josephus suggests that most Jews were "just Jewish people", distinguishing them from the main liturgical groups. Outside of Jewish history and writings, Pharisees have been made notable by references in the New Testament to conflicts with John the Baptist〔,〕 and with Jesus. There are also several references in the New Testament to the Apostle Paul being a Pharisee.〔Apostle Paul as a Pharisee See also ,〕 The relationship between Early Christianity and Pharisees was not always hostile however: e.g. Gamaliel, e.g., is often cited as a Pharisaic leader who was sympathetic to Christians. Christian tradition draws attention to the Pharisees. ==Etymology== "Pharisee" is derived from Ancient Greek ''Pharisaios'' (), from Aramaic ''Pərīšā'' (), plural ''Pərīšayyā'' (), meaning "set apart, separated", related to Hebrew ''pārûš'' (), plural ''pĕrûšîm'' (), the Qal passive participle of the verb ''pāraš'' (). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pharisees」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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