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Osroene : ウィキペディア英語版
Osroene

Osroene, also spelled Osrohene and Osrhoene (; ') and sometimes known by the name of its capital city, Edessa (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey), was a historical kingdom located in Upper Mesopotamia,〔''The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present'', Part 25. Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy. Harper & Row, 1970. Page 115.〕 which enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 244.〔Alexander Roberts & James Donaldson (eds.), ''The Writings of the Fathers Down to AD 325: Ante-Nicene Fathers'' vol. 8 (Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1994), 657-672. ()〕〔Adrian Fortescue, ''The Lesser Eastern Churches'', pp. 22. Published by Catholic Truth Society, 1913. Original from the University of Michigan.()〕
It was a Syriac-speaking kingdom.〔"The Ancient Name of Edessa," Amir Harrak,
''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'', Vol. 51, No. 3 (July 1992): 209-214 ()〕
Osroene, or Edessa, acquired independence from the collapsing Seleucid Empire through a dynasty of the nomadic Nabatean tribe called Orrhoei from 136 BC. The name Osroene is derived from Osroes of Orhai, a Nabatean malka who in 120 BC wrested control of this region from the Seleucids in Syria.〔C. Anthon, ''A System of Ancient and Medieval Geography for the Use of Schools and Colleges'', Harper Publishers, 1850, Digitized 2007, p.681〕 Most of the kings of Osroene are called ''Abgar'' or ''Manu'' who settled in urban centers.〔https://books.google.com/books?id=2_eAKmK7KkYC&pg=PA22&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false〕 Under its Nabatean dynasties, Osroëne became increasingly influenced by Syriac-Assyrian culture and was a centre of national reaction against Hellenism. By the 5th century, Edessa had become the headquarters of Syriac literature and learning. In 608, Osroëne was taken by the Sāsānid Khosrow II, and in 638 it fell to the Muslims.
The kingdom's area, the upper course of the Euphrates, became a traditional battleground for the powers that ruled Asia Minor, Persia, Syria, and Armenia. On the dissolution of Seleucid Empire, it was divided between Rome and Parthia. At this time ''Osrhoene'' was within Parthian suzerainty. However, the Romans later made several attempts to recover the region.
== History ==
Osroene was one of several kingdoms arising from the dissolution of the Seleucid Empire. The kingdom occupied an area on what is now the border between Syria and Turkey.This kingdom was established by The Nabataeans tribes from Southern Canaan and North Arabia, and lasted nearly four centuries (c. 132 BC to 214 AD), under twenty-eight rulers, who sometimes called themselves "king" on their coinage
It was in this region that the legend of Abgar of Edessa originated.
Osroene was absorbed into the Roman Empire in 114 as a semi-autonomous vassal state, after a period under Arsacid (Parthian) rule, incorporated as a simple Roman province in 214. There is an apocryphal legend that Osroene was the first state to have accepted Christianity as state religion,〔(''David Frankfurter''. Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt. ''Irfan Shahid''. Arab Christian Pilgrimages. — BRILL, 1998 — p. 383 — ISBN 9789004111271 )
"It was around 200 c.e. that Abgar IX adopted Christianity, thus enabling Edessa to become the first Christian state in history whose ruler was officially and openly a Christian."
〕 however there is not enough evidence to support this point of view.〔(ABGAR dynasty of Edessa )
The fame of Edessa in history rests, however, mainly on its claim to have been the first kingdom to adopt Christianity as its official religion. According to the legend current for centuries throughout the civilized world, Abgar Ukkama wrote to Jesus, inviting him to visit him at Edessa to heal him from sickness. In return he received the blessing of Jesus and subsequently was converted by the evangelist Addai. There is, however, no factual evidence for Christianity at Edessa before the reign of Abgar the Great, 150 years later. Scholars are generally agreed that the legend has confused the two Abgars. It cannot be proved that Abgar the Great adopted Christianity; but his friend Bardaiṣan was a heterodox Christian, and there was a church at Edessa in 201. It is testimony to the personality of Abgar the Great that he is credited by tradition with a leading role in the evangelization of Edessa.
〕〔(The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature )
Modern scholars have taken basically two very different approaches to this legend (which obviously reflects the general search for apostolic origins, characteristics of the fourth century), Some would dismiss it totally, while others prefer to see it as a retrojection into the first century of the conversion of the local king at the end of the second century. In other words Abgar (V) the Black of the legend in fact represents Abgar (VIII) the Great (c. 177-212), contemporary of Badaisan. Attractive though this second approach might seem, there are serious objections to it, and the various small supportive evidence that Abgar (VIII) the Great became Christian disappears on closer examination.
〕〔(''Warwick Ball''. Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. — Routledge, 2000 — p. 95 — ISBN 9780415113762 )
"More significant than Bardaisan's conversion to Christianity was the conversion -reported by Bardaisan - of Abgar the Great himself." The conversion is controversial, but whether or not he became a Christian, Abgar had the wisdom to recognise the inherent order and stability in Christianity a century before Constantino did. Ho encouraged it as essential for maintaining Edessa's precarious balance between Rome and Iran. Thus, it is Abgar the Great who lays claim to being the world's first Christian monarch and Edessa the first Christian state. More than anything else, a major precedent had been set for the conversion of Rome itself. // The stories of the conversions of both Abgar V and Abgar VIII may not be true, and have been doubted by a number of Western authorities (with more than a hint at unwillingness to relinquish Rome's and St Peter's own primogeniture?). But whether true or not. the stories did establish Edessa as one of the more important centres for early Christendom."
〕 The independence of the state ended in 244 CE when it was incorporated in the Roman Empire.〔New International Encyclopedia〕 It was a frontier province, lying close to the Persian empires with which the Romans were at war with many times. It was taken and retaken several times. Being a province on the frontier it had a Roman legion stationed there, Legio III Parthica and its Castrum (homebase) may have been Resaena, though there are some doubts on that fact.
Following Emperor Diocletian's Tetrarchy reforms during his reign 284-305 CE, it was part of the diocese of Oriens, in the praetorian prefecture of the same name. According to the late 4th-century ''Notitia Dignitatum'', it was headed by a governor of the rank of ''praeses'', and was also the seat of the ''dux Mesopotamiae'', who ranked as ''vir spectabilis'' and commanded (c. 400) the following army units:
*Equites Dalmatae Illyriciani, garrisoned at Ganaba.
*Equites Promoti Illyriciani, Callinicum.
*Equites Mauri Illyriciani, Dabana.
*Equites Promoti indigenae, Banasam
*Equites Promoti indigenae, Sina Iudaeorum.
*Equites Sagittarii indigenae, Oraba.
*Equites Sagittarii indigenae, Thillazamana.
*Equites Sagittarii indigenae Medianenses, Mediana.
*Equites Primi Osrhoeni, Rasin.
*Praefectus legionis quartae Parthicae, Circesium.
*(an illegible command, possibly Legio III ''Parthica''), Apatna.
as well as, 'on the minor roll', apparently auxiliaries:
*Ala Septima Valeria Praelectorum, Thillacama.
*Ala Prima Victoriae, Tovia -contra Bintha.
*Ala Secunda Paflagonum, Thillafica.
*Ala Prima Parthorum, Resaia.
*Ala Prima nova Diocletiana, inter Thannurin et Horobam.
*Cohors Prima Gaetulorum, Thillaamana.
*Cohors Prima Eufratensis, Maratha.
*Ala Prima Salutaria, Duodecimo constituta.
According to Sozomen's ''Ecclesiastical History'', "there were some very learned men who formerly flourished in Osroene, as for instance Bardasanes, who devised a heresy designated by his name, and his son Harmonius. It is related that this latter was deeply versed in Grecian erudition, and was the first to subdue his native tongue to meters and musical laws; these verses he delivered to the choirs" and that Arianism —a more successful heresy— met with opposition there.

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