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Langstroth hive
The Langstroth bee hive, patented in October 1852, is the standard beehive used in many parts of the world for beekeeping. The advantage of this hive is that the bees build honeycomb into frames, which can be moved with ease. The frames are designed to prevent bees from attaching honeycombs where they would either connect adjacent frames, or connect frames to the walls of the hive. The movable frames allow the beekeeper to manage the bees in a way which was formerly impossible.
Other inventors, notably François Huber in 1789, had designed hives with frames (the so-called ''leafe'' or book hive),〔Huber, François ''New Observations on the Natural History of Bees'', 1806. (English translation as published) Retrieved from transcribed copy at (), 21 November 2011; scanned copy also available at () as of 21 November 2011.〕 but Langstroth's hive was a practical movable frame hive, which overcame the tendency of the bees to fill empty spaces with comb and to cement smaller spaces together with propolis. In contrast to August von Berlepsch's frame-movable side-opened hive (May 1852, Germany), Langstroth's hive was top-opened, as was the Bevan top-bar hive (1848, UK). These combined adaptations led to the Langstroth hive design being preferred by beekeepers over all others, and his hive is used throughout the world.
==History==
In 1851, the Reverend Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth (1810–1895), a native of Philadelphia, noted that when his bees had less than 1 cm (3/8 inch) of space available in which to move around, they would neither build comb into that space nor cement it closed with propolis. This measurement is called "bee space". During the summer of 1851, Langstroth applied the concept to keeping the lid free on a top-bar hive, but in autumn of the same year, he realized that the "bee space" could be applied to a newly designed frame which would prevent the bees from attaching honeycomb to the inside of the hive box. This attachment of comb to the hive wall was a difficulty with frameless designs, such as Dzierżon's frameless movable-comb hive (1835). US Patent 9300 was issued to Langstroth on October 25, 1852, and remained valid despite numerous attempts to challenge it based on its alleged use of prior art.However Langstroth was in contact with Dzierzon who used successfully the 8 mm groove to move bars in his hives much earlier. The presently so-called "bee space" had been incorporated by Berlepsch following Dzierzon’s discoveries, from the years 1835-1848, into Berlepsh's frame arrangement (Bienen-Zeitung, May 1852). Langstroth made many other discoveries in beekeeping and contributed greatly to the industrialization of modern beekeeping.
Rev. Langstroth subsequently published a book called ''A Practical Treatise on the Hive and Honey-Bee'',〔Langstroth, L.L. ''(A Practical Treatise on the Hive and Honey-Bee )'', 1878〕 nowadays commonly known as ''The Hive and the Honey Bee'' or, under the title with which it was re-issued in 2004, as ''Langstroth's Hive and the Honey-Bee: The Classic Beekeeper's Manual''. In this book, Langstroth described the proper dimensions and use of the modern beehive as we know it today. Prior to discovery of the dimensions of "bee space", bees were mostly hived in skeps (conical straw baskets) or gums (hollowed-out logs which approximated the natural dwellings of bees), or in box hives (a thin-walled wooden box with no internal structure).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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