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・ Khoi Vinh
・ Khoibu
・ Khoid
・ Khoikhoi
・ Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
・ Khoinarev
・ Khoirabari
・ Khoirao language
・ Khoirul Huda
・ Khoirul Mashuda
・ Khoisa (moth)
・ Khoisa epicentra
・ Khoisa glauca
・ Khoisa panaula
・ Khoisa triloba
Khoisan
・ Khoisan Aboriginal and Others Movement
・ Khoisan languages
・ Khoisan X
・ Khoit Tsenkher Cave Rock Art
・ KHOJ
・ Khoj (1971 film)
・ Khoj (1989 film)
・ KHOJ (AM)
・ KHOJ, international artists' association
・ Khoja
・ Khoja (clan)
・ Khoja (disambiguation)
・ Khoja (Turkestan)
・ Khoja Akhmet Yassawi


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Khoisan : ウィキペディア英語版
Khoisan

"Khoisan" (; also spelled Khoesaan, Khoesan or Khoe–San) is a unifying name for two groups of peoples of Southern Africa, who share physical and putative linguistic characteristics distinct from the Bantu majority of the region.〔Barnard, Alan (1992) ''Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: A Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples''. New York; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.〕 Culturally, the Khoisan are divided into the foraging San, or Bushmen, and the pastoral Khoi, or more specifically Khoikhoi,〔Many of the San also call themselves Khoi, which just means "person" in the Khoi languages.〕 previously known as Hottentots.
The San include the indigenous inhabitants of Southern Africa before the southward Bantu migrations from Central and East Africa reached their region, which led to the Bantu populations displacing the Khoi and San to become the predominant inhabitants of Southern Africa. The distinct origin of the Khoi is debated. Over time, some Khoi abandoned pastoralism and adopted the hunter-gatherer economy of the San, probably due to a drying climate, and are now considered San. Similarly, the Bantu Damara people who migrated south later abandoned agriculture and adopted the Khoi economy. Large Khoisan populations remain in several arid areas in the region, notably in the Kalahari Desert.
==History==

From the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic periods, hunting and gathering cultures known as the Sangoan occupied southern Africa in areas where annual rainfall is less than a metre (1000 mm; 40 in),〔Lee, Richard B. (1976), ''Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the !Khoi San and Their Neighbors,'' Richard B. Lee and Irven DeVore, eds. Cambridge: Harvard University Press〕 and today's San and Khoi people resemble the ancient Sangoan skeletal remains. These Late Stone Age people in parts of southern Africa were the ancestors of the Khoisan people who inhabited the Kalahari Desert. Probably due to their region's lack of suitable candidates for domestication, the Khoisan did not have farming or domesticated chickens until a few hundred years ago, when they adopted the domesticated cattle and sheep of the Bantu that had spread in advance of the people's actual arrival.〔Diamond, 396.〕 The Bantu people, with advanced agriculture and metalworking technology developed in West Africa from at least 2000 BC, outcompeted and intermarried with the Khoisan in the years after contact and became the dominant population of Southeastern Africa before the arrival of the Dutch in 1652.〔Diamond, 394–7.〕 Furthermore, Khoisan have been the largest population throughout most of modern-human demographic history.
The evidence of the Khoisan's original presence in South Africa is the distribution of their languages today. Khoisan language groups often have extreme differences in structure and vocabulary despite close proximity, which demonstrates a long period of settlement and co-evolution of languages in the same region.〔Diamond, 384〕 In contrast, the languages of Bantu-origin peoples in the region such as the Zulu and Xhosa are all very similar to one another. This indicates a much more recent common ancestry for the first Bantu group that spread and settled across the region.〔Diamond, 384–6.〕 Among their descendants, the Xhosa and Zulu adopted unique Khoisan click consonants and loan words into their respective languages.
After the arrival of the Bantu, the Khoisan and their pastoral or hunter-gatherer ways of life remained predominant west of the Fish River in South Africa and in deserts throughout their region, where the drier climate precluded the growth of Bantu crops suited for warmer and wetter climates. During the colonial era, the Khoisan survived in South Africa, Namibia and Botswana. Today many of the San live in parts of the Kalahari Desert where they are better able to preserve much of their culture and lifestyle.
Against the traditional interpretation that finds a common origin for the Khoi and San, other evidence has suggested that the ancestors of the Khoi peoples (one subset of the Khoisan) are relatively recent pre-Bantu agricultural immigrants to southern Africa, who abandoned agriculture as the climate dried and either joined the San as hunter-gatherers or retained pastoralism to become the Khoikhoi.

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