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The International Organizations Immunities Act〔Public Law 79-291〕 is a United States federal law since 1945. It "established a special group of foreign or international organizations whose members could work in the U.S. and enjoy certain exemptions from US taxes and search and seizure laws".〔(Just What Did President Obama's Executive Order regarding INTERPOL Do? ), ABCNews.com, December 30, 2009〕 These advantages are usually given to diplomatic bodies. == Background information == The 79th United States Congress passed the International Organization Immunities Act on December 29, 1945; the Act can be found under Title 22, chapter 7, sub-chapter XVIII. The International Organization Immunities Act entitles international organizations and their employees to certain exemptions, immunities, and privileges that other organizations and their employees are not granted. In addition, the entitled benefits organizations and their employees receive are similar to the benefits that foreign governments are granted. For example, international organizations and employees of the organizations are exempted from certain taxes. In addition, property and assets belonging to international organizations or their employees cannot be searched or confiscated. A lawsuit or any other type of legal action cannot be brought upon these organizations or their employees. The privileges, exemptions, and immunities that the employees and officers receive are extended to their immediate family members as well. The International Organization Immunities Act was passed to strengthen the international organizations that the U.S. collaborates with, including those that are located in foreign countries. The Senate Committee believed that passing this Act would allow international organizations to perform more effectively and accomplish their goals.〔(International Organization Immunities Act ), article by Lawrence Preuss〕 The Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Labor Organization, and the United Nations are examples of designated public international organizations covered by the Act when it was passed.〔(Executive Order 9698--Designating public international organizations entitled to enjoy certain privileges, exemptions, and immunities )〕 If international organizations want the advantages listed in the title, they need to fit the Act's definition of what an "international organization" is. The International Organizations Immunities Act states: “For the purposes of this title, the term "international organization" means a public international organization in which the United States participates pursuant to any treaty or under the authority of any Act of Congress authorizing such participation or making an appropriation for such participation...”(Section 1 of the Act).〔(International Organizations Immunities Act )〕 International organizations need to fit the definition to be protected by this particular Act. Although the Act initially vised at international organizations of which the U.S. was a member, recent extensions have covered also international organizations with which the U.S. cooperate but in which they do not participate, such as the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices in 1997.〔Aaron I-. Young, (Deconstructing international organization immunity ), Georgetown Journal of International Law, pages 311–364. See in particular page 333 with footnotes 155 to 157.〕〔(22 USC § 288k - Extension of certain privileges, exemptions, and immunities to Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices )〕 The International Organization Immunities Act also states powers of certain offices. Since the time it was passed, the Department of State has been the agency that receives applications from organizations requesting designation under the Act.〔(2 FAM 1420: International Organizations Immunities ), U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 2 (General)〕 The Secretary of State was given the power to advise the President(who makes the final decisions) on matters like whether an organization should or should not be granted protection under the International Organization Immunities Act. The Secretary of State also has the power to determine if an employee's presence is no longer "desirable"; in such instances, the Secretary of State can have the employee deported (the international organization, however, has to be notified first and the employee has to be allotted a reasonable time to leave).〔(U.S. Code )〕 Besides designating the status of international organizations, the President has the authority to withhold an organization or employees from receiving certain immunities, exemptions, and privileges the Act offers. The President can also limit the benefits an organization or its employees receives. In addition, the President has the power to revoke a designation if an international organization abuses the powers that it is given, which means the organization would no longer enjoy any of the benefits listed in the title. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「International Organizations Immunities Act」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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