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The Hilal-i-Jur'at ( , as if it were ''Halāl-e-Jurāt''; English: Crescent of Courage, sometimes spelled as Hilal-e-Jur'at, Hilal-e-Jurat, Hilal-i-Jurrat and Hilal-i-Juraat)〔Various official sources that are highly reputable spell the name of the medal differently, so the Pakistan Army website spelling is being taken as the official spelling construction.〕 is the second highest military award of Pakistan out of a total of four gallantry awards that were created in 1957.〔 In order of rank it comes after the ''Nishan-i-Haider'' (the ''Sign of the Lion'', which is the equivalent to the Victoria Cross and the Medal of Honor under the British Honours System and the United States Honors System respectively) coming before the Sitara-i-Ju'rat (the ''Star of Courage'', which is the equivalent of the Distinguished Service Cross and the Silver Star respectively).〔〔〔 It was created and declared for official use on 16 March 1957 by the President of Pakistan.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pakistan Defence Forces (Pakistanpaedia.com) )〕〔〔 The Hilal-i-Ju'rat is considered to be the equivalent of the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross and the Distinguished Service Cross.〔 The medal is only conferable to those who are ranked at an Officer level only and it is only allowed to be given to the Army (excluding paramilitary personnel), Navy and Air-force.〔 The award after this honour is the Sitara-i-Ju'rat (''Star of Courage''), and subsequent to this medal is the Tamgha-i-Ju'rat (''Medal of Courage'').〔 Unlike the Nishan-i-Haider, the Hilal-i-Ju'rat is the highest military award thus far that's been given to living Pakistanis to date.〔The Nishan-i-Haider has been given to ten people officially since conception in 1957, some have received it before it's official creation when it was given posthumously soon after 1957, when it was made into law. Prior to this, under the British Honours System soldiers who displayed the utmost valiant acts of bravery were given the Victoria Cross.〕 The medallion has been given to many famous Pakistani army personal, including many national heroes. Most notably, well known major generals, brigadiers and lieutenants of the Pakistan Armed Forces have all received the medal.〔See the list of recipients under Recipients〕 The award holds significant benefits for the recipient including social, political and financial benefits.〔 Land and pensions are awarded as recompense for serving in the Army of Pakistan on behalf of the State for acts of "valour and courage" during battle against the enemy.〔 As of 2003 it was revealed that cash rewards have replaced land being given to the recipient under new defence housing schemes, which had taken place for the duration of the past twelve years perpetrated by the army, which was accounted to the Pakistan National Assembly as reported in the last decade.〔 ==History== Established on 16 March 1957, the award was founded in celebration of Pakistan becoming a Republic and was formally given award status by the President of Pakistan.〔〔 According to the official army website of Pakistan the award is given for "acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty, performed on land, at sea or in the air in the face of the enemy".〔〔〔Pakistan Army Website, Quote: "This award is conferrable on officers only, for acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty, performed on land, at sea or in the air in the face of the enemy..."〕 The recipient of the award is able to use the distinguished honorific post-nominal letters "HJ" after his or her name.〔 The apportion is considered to be the equivalent to the Distinguished Service Order under the British Honours System and the United States Distinguished Service Cross.〔 The names of the medals originate from the Persian language but are written in the form of the Arabic language.〔〔Shah Azizur Rahman, Quote: "The Parliamentary Secretary has said that the language inscribed on the military medals instituted by the President is in Arabic. May I know whether Sitara-i-Jurat is Arabic..." Dr. Aleem-al-Razee: Quote: "I want to ask the honourable Parliamentary Secretary to state the reason of inscribing Arabic script the titles Nishan-e-Haider, Hilal-e-Juraat, Sitara-e-Juraat, Sitara-e-Basalat and Tamgha-e-Basalat, which are words of the Persian language..."〕 This was unusual since the major languages of Pakistan are Punjabi and Urdu. In the Pakistan Parliament there was a debate on why the names were given in Persian but were spelled in Arabic as some politicians were not entirely sure other medals made were inscribed of words from the Arabic language in the decade that it was made official. Pakistan became a republic in 1956. Prior to that Pakistan had been a dominion of Great Britain and had as such come under the British honours system. When the award was established, however, it was instituted retrospectively back to the independence of Pakistan in 1947 – and it was subsequently conferred on a number of Pakistani officers for service during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. One particular unit that appeared in an article from Dawn, the Guards Battalion, was mentioned which emphasized that they had earned several Military Crosses and one Victoria Cross was congratulated in 2004 by the president. In the article it was emphasized that before the independence of Pakistan in 1947 the unit had been given British gallantry awards which suggests the Hilal-i-Jur'at didn't exist at the time.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hilal-i-Jur'at」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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