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・ Henry S. Spalding
・ Henry S. Tanner (doctor)
・ Henry S. Taylor
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・ Henry S. Trout
・ Henry S. Tyler
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Henry Sacheverell
・ Henry Sadler
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Henry Sacheverell : ウィキペディア英語版
Henry Sacheverell

Henry Sacheverell (8 February 1674 – 5 June 1724) was an English High Church Anglican clergyman who achieved nationwide fame in 1709 after preaching an incendiary 5 November sermon. He was subsequently impeached by the House of Commons and though he was found guilty, his light punishment was seen as a vindication and he became a popular figure in the country, contributing to the Tories' landslide victory at the general election of 1710.
==Early life==
The son of Joshua Sacheverell, rector of St Peter's, Marlborough, he was adopted by his godfather, Edward Hearst, and his wife after Joshua's death in 1684. His maternal grandfather, Henry Smith, after whom he was possibly named, may be the same Henry Smith who is recorded as a signatory of Charles I's death warrant.〔Geoffrey Holmes, ''The Trial of Doctor Sacheverell'' (London: Eyre Methuen, 1973), p. 4.〕 His relations included what he labelled his "fanatic kindred"; his great-grandfather John was a rector, three of whose sons were Presbyterians. One of these sons, John (Sacheverell's grandfather), was ejected from his vicarage at the Restoration and died in prison after being convicted for preaching at a Dissenting meeting.〔Holmes, pp. 5-6.〕〔W. A. Speck, '(Sacheverell, Henry (''bap''. 1674, ''d''. 1724) )', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', online edn, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004, accessed 6 August 2010.〕 He was more proud of distant relatives who were Midlands landed gentry that had supported the Royalist cause during the Civil War.〔Holmes, pp. 4-5.〕
The Hearsts were pious High Anglicans and were pleased with Sacheverell, who was "always retiring to his private devotions before he went to school".〔Holmes, p. 7.〕 He was educated at Marlborough Grammar School from 1684 to 1689. He was sent to Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1689, where he was a student until 1701 and a fellow from 1701 to 1713. Joseph Addison, another native of Wiltshire, had entered the same college two years earlier. It was at Sacheverell's instigation that Addison wrote his ‘Account of the Greatest English Poets’ (1694) and he dedicated it to Sacheverell.〔Holmes, p. 8.〕 Sacheverell took his degree of B.A. on 30 June 1693, and became M.A. on 16 May 1695.〔Holmes, p. 8.〕
The Bishop of Oxford, John Hough, ordained him deacon on 18 May 1695.〔Holmes, p. 9.〕 However, when in 1697 he presented himself to the Bishop of Lichfield, William Lloyd, with a reference from the dean of Lichfield, Lloyd complained of his grammatically incorrect Latin. Sacheverell, who had published several Latin poems, quoted Latin grammars to verify his Latin and apparently told Lloyd it was "better Latin than he or any of his chaplains could make". Lloyd sent his secretary to his library to prove Sacheverell wrong but failed to do so.〔Holmes, p. 9.〕
In 1676 he was appointed chaplain to Sir Charles Holt and curate for Aston parish church. However, when the Aston living fell vacant, Holt refused to appoint Sacheverell. Holt's wife years later claimed this was because Sacheverell "was exceedingly light and foolish, without any of that gravity and seriousness which became one in holy orders; ''that he was fitter to make a player than a clergyman''; that in particular, he was dangerous in a family, since he would among the very servants jest upon the torments of Hell".〔Holmes, p. 10.〕 However Lancelot Addison, the dean of Lichfield and the father of Joseph, nominated him to the small vicarage of Cannock in Staffordshire and after an intense three day examination, Lloyd was finally convinced Sacheverell was ready and accepted his nomination in September 1697.〔Holmes, p. 10.〕 Sacheverell was threatened with prosecution for seditious libel after preaching a fiery sermon but was dropped due to Sacheverell's unimportance.〔Holmes, p. 11.〕
In July 1701 he was elected Fellow of Magdalen College but his overbearing, disrespectful self-confidence and arrogance won him few friends.〔Holmes, pp. 12-14.〕 In 1709 before his two famous sermons, Thomas Hearne dismissed him as a loud-mouthed wine-soaker.〔Holmes, p. 13.〕 However he was a hard worker and an active teacher, being promoted to a variety of offices. In June 1703 he was appointed to an endowed lectureship; in 1703 he was appointed College Librarian; in 1708 was appointed Senior Dean of Arts and in 1709 became Bursar.〔Holmes, p. 16.〕
Sacheverell first achieved notability as a High Church preacher in May 1702 when he gave a sermon entitled ''The Political Union'', on the necessity of the union between church and state and denigrating Dissenters, occasional conformists and their Whig supporters. His peroration included an appeal to Anglicans not to "strike sail to a party which is an open and avowed enemy to our communion" but instead to "hang out the bloody flag and banner of defiance".〔Holmes, p. 17.〕 Gaining a small London readership, Daniel Defoe labelled Sacheverell "the bloody flag officer" and in his ''The Shortest Way with the Dissenters'' he included in its subtitle an acknowledgement of "Mr Sach—ll's sermon and others". John Dennis also replied to Sacheverell in ''The Danger of Priestcraft to Religion and Government''.〔Holmes, p. 17.〕
Roger Mander, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, appointed Sacheverell to preach the University Sermon on 10 June 1702, the date chosen by Queen Anne as a Fast Day for Heaven's blessing for British success in the new war against France.〔Holmes, pp. 16-17.〕 In support of the Tory candidate at the general election of 1702, Sir John Pakington, Sacheverell published ''The Character of a Low-Church-Man''. This attacked William Lloyd and advised the clergy to be on the look out against "false brethren" within the Church.〔Holmes, p. 18.〕 Pakington was grateful and recommended Sacheverell to Robert Harley as the Speaker's chaplain. Harley, a moderate Tory with a Dissenting background, declined.〔Holmes, p. 19.〕
Only two other sermons in this period were printed: ''The Nature and Mischief of Prejudice and Partiality'' (1704) and ''The Nature, Guilt and Danger of Presumptuous Sins'' (1708). With two other Oxford dons he wrote ''The Rights of the Church of England Asserted and Proved'' (1705). The first sermon led to a further notice by Defoe that "Mr Sacheverell of Oxford has blown his second trumpet to let us know he has not yet taken down his bloody flag".〔Holmes, p. 20.〕 During the "Church in Danger" scare of 1705-06 he preached a sermon in which he (according to Hearne) with "a great deal of courage and boldness" showed "the great danger the Church is in...from the fanatics and other false brethren, whom he set forth in their proper colours".〔Holmes, p. 20.〕
In July 1708 he was awarded a Doctorate of Divinity, possibly due to his abilities as a preacher as well as for his teaching.〔Holmes, p. 16.〕 In March 1709 a local brewer named John Lade suggested to Sacheverell that he put himself forward for the vacant office of chaplain at St Saviour's, Southwark.〔Holmes, p. 56.〕 He campaigned for the post with such vigour that a fellow clergyman wrote "None is so much talked of as he all over the Town. I suppose we shall have him very speedily the subject of de Foe's ''Review'', in which he has formerly had the honour of being substantially abused".〔Holmes, p. 57.〕 His most notable backers were Lord Weymouth and Sir William Trumbull.〔Holmes, p. 57.〕 News of his candidacy alarmed the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Tenison, and aroused opposition from the Dissenters, as Trumbull's nephew wrote: "() give out that if they can keep him out this time, they shall for ever keep him from coming into the City".〔Holmes, p. 58.〕 However Sacheverell was appointed by 28 votes to 19 on 24 May. Tenison was "much troubled" by this.〔Holmes, p. 58.〕
Sacheverell soon stirred up more controversy by printing a sermon he had been invited to deliver at Derby Assizes on 15 August, entitled ''The Communication of Sin''. The sermon was in the vein of his previous ones but it was the dedication to the printed version (published on 27 October) which particularly antagonised the Whigs:
Now, when the principles and interests of our Church and constitution are so shamefully betrayed and run down, it can be no little comfort to all those who wish their welfare and security to see that, notwithstanding the secret malice and open violence they are persecuted with, there are still to be found such worthy patrons of both who dare own and defend them, as well against the rude and presumptuous insults of the one side as the base, undermining treachery of the other, and who scorn to sit silently by and partake in the sins of these associated malignants.〔Holmes, p. 60.〕


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